to lay open a place

ăpĕrĭo, ĕrŭi, ertum, 4, v. a. ( fut. aperibo, Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 50; Pompon. ap. Non. p. 506, 30) [ab-pario, to get from, take away from, i.e. to uncover, like the opp. operio, from obpario, to get for, to put upon, i. e. to cover; this is the old explanation, and is received by Corssen, Ausspr. I. p. 653; II. p. 410, and by Vanicek, p. 503], to uncover, make or lay bare.

Lit.:

patinas,

Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 51: apertae surae, Turp. ap. Non. p. 236, 16:

apertis lateribus,

Sisenn. ib. p. 236, 26:

capite aperto esse,

Varr. ib. p. 236, 25;

p. 236, 28: ut corporis partes quaedam aperiantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 129:

caput aperuit,

id. Phil. 2, 31; Sall. H. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 236, 20:

capita,

Plin. 28, 6, 17, § 60:

aperto pectore,

Ov. M. 2, 339; and poet. transf. to the person:

apertae pectora matres,

id. ib. 13, 688:

ramum,

Verg. A. 6, 406 al. — Trop., to make visible, to show, reveal, Liv. 22, 6:

dispulsā nebulā diem aperuit,

id. 26, 17 (cf. just before:

densa nebula campos circa intexit): dies faciem victoriae,

Tac. Agr. 38:

lux aperuit bellum ducemque belli,

Liv. 3, 15:

novam aciem dies aperuit,

Tac. H. 4, 29:

his unda dehiscens Terram aperit,

opens to view, Verg. A. 1, 107.—From the intermediate idea of making visible,

Metaph.

1.. To unclose, open: aperto ex ostio Alti Acheruntis, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37:

aperite aliquis ostium,

Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 26; so id. Heaut. 2, 3, 35:

forem aperi,

id. Ad. 2, 1, 13:

fores,

id. Eun. 2, 2, 52; Ov. M. 10, 457; Suet. Aug. 82:

januas carceris,

Vulg. Act. 5, 19:

fenestram,

ib. Gen. 8, 6:

liquidas vias,

to open the liquid way, Lucr. 1, 373; so Verg. A. 11, 884:

sucum venis fundere apertis,

to pour out moisture from its open veins, Lucr. 5, 812:

saccum,

Vulg. Gen. 42, 27:

os,

ib. ib. 22, 28:

labia, ib. Job, 11, 5: oculos,

ib. Act. 9, 8:

accepi fasciculum, in quo erat epistula Piliae: abstuli, aperui, legi,

Cic. Att. 5, 11 fin.; so id. ib. 1, 13;

6, 3: aperire librum,

Vulg. Apoc. 5, 5; 20, 12:

testamentum,

Plin. 7, 52, 53, § 177 (cf.:

testamentum resignare,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 9); Suet. Caes. 83; id. Aug. 17:

sigillum aperire,

to break, Vulg. Apoc. 6, 3 al.:

ferro iter aperiundum est,

Sall. C. 58, 7:

locum... asylum,

to make it an asylum, Liv. 1, 8:

subterraneos specus,

Tac. G. 16:

navigantibus maria,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

arbor florem aperit,

id. 12, 11, 23, § 40 et saep.: aperire parietem, to open a wall, in order to put a door or window in it, Dig. 8, 2, 40: alicui oculos aperire, to give sight to (after the Heb.), Vulg. Joan. 9, 10; 9, 14 al.; so,

aures aperire,

to restore hearing to, ib. Marc. 7, 35.—

Trop.:

nec ita claudenda est res familiaris, ut eam benignitas aperire non possit,

Cic. Off. 2, 15, 54: amicitiae fores. id. Fam. 13, 10:

multus apertus cursus ad laudem,

id. Phil. 14, 6 fin.:

tibi virtus tua reditum ad tuos aperuit,

id. Fam. 6, 11:

philosophiae fontes,

id. Tusc. 1, 3, 6; id. Mil. 31, 85 et saep.: alicujus oculos aperire, to open one's eyes, make him discern (after the Heb.), Vulg. Gen. 3, 5; 3, 7; ib. Act. 26, 18; so,

alicujus cor aperire,

ib. ib. 16, 14: ventus [p. 136] incendio viam aperuit, Liv. 6, 2:

occasionem ad invadendum,

id. 4, 53; so id. 9, 27: si hanc fenestram aperueritis (i.e. if you enter upon the way of complaint), nihil aliud agi sinetis, Suet. Tib. 28 (cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:

Quantam fenestram ad nequitiem patefeceris!): quia aperuisset gentibus ostium fidei,

Vulg. Act. 14, 27; ib. Col. 4, 3.— So of the new year, to open it, i.e. begin:

annum,

Verg. G. 1, 217:

contigit ergo privatis aperire annum (since the consul entered upon his office the first of January),

Plin. Pan. 58, 4 Gierig and Schaef.—So also of a school, to establish, set up, begin, or open it:

Dionysius tyrannus Corinthi dicitur ludum aperuisse,

Cic. Fam. 9, 18; so Suet. Gram. 16; id. Rhet. 4.— Poet.:

fuste aperire caput,

i.e. to cleave, split the head, Juv. 9, 98.—

Aperire locum (populum, gentes, etc.), to lay open a place, people, etc., i.e. to open an entrance to, render accessible (cf. patefacio);

most freq. in the histt., esp. in Tacitus: qui aperuerint armis orbem terrarum,

Liv. 42, 52; 42, 4:

Syriam,

Tac. A. 2, 70:

omnes terras fortibus viris natura aperuit,

id. H. 4, 64:

novas gentes,

id. Agr. 22:

gentes ac reges,

id. G. 1:

Britanniam tamdiu clausam aperit,

Mel. 3, 6, 4; Luc. 1, 465 Cort.:

Eoas,

id. 4, 352:

pelagus,

Val. Fl. 1, 169.—

Transf. to mental objects, to disclose something unknown, to unveil, reveal, make known, unfold, to prove, demonstrate; or gen. to explain, recount, etc.:

occulta quaedam et quasi involuta aperiri,

Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:

explicanda est saepe verbis mens nostra de quāque re atque involutae rei notitia definiendo aperienda est,

id. Or. 33, 116:

alicui scripturas aperire,

Vulg. Luc. 24, 32:

tua probra aperibo omnia,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 50: ne exspectetis argumentum fabulae;

hi partem aperient,

Ter. Ad. prol. 23:

non quo aperiret sententiam suam, sed etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 84:

eo praesente conjurationem aperit,

Sall. C. 40, 6:

naturam et mores,

id. ib. 53 fin.; so id. ib. 45, 1; 47, 1; id. J. 33, 4:

lux fugam hostium aperuit,

Liv. 27, 2:

aperiri error poterat,

id. 26, 10:

casus aperire futuros,

to disclose the future, Ov. M. 15, 559:

futura aperit,

Tac. H. 2, 4.—So also, se aperire or aperiri, to reveal one's true disposition, character:

tum coacti necessario se aperiunt,

show themselves in their true light, Ter. And. 4, 1, 8:

studio aperimur in ipso,

Ov. A. A. 3, 371:

exspectandum, dum se ipsa res aperiret,

Nep. Paus. 3, 7; Quint. prooem. § 3.—Sometimes constr. with acc. and inf., a rel.-clause, or de:

cum jam directae in se prorae hostes appropinquare aperuissent,

Liv. 44, 28:

domino navis, quis sit, aperit,

Nep. Them. 8, 6; so id. Eum. 13, 3: de clementiā, Auct. ad Her. 2, 31.—In a gen. sense (freq. in epistt.) in Cic. Att. 5, 1, 2: de Oppio factum est, ut volui, et maxime, quod DCCC. aperuisti, you promised, i.e. that it should be paid to him (= ostendisti te daturum, Manut.); cf.

the more definite expression: de Oppio bene curāsti, quod ei DCCC. exposuisti,

id. ib. 5, 4, 3.—Hence, ăpertus, a, um, P. a.; pr., opened; hence, open, free.

Lit.

Without covering, open, uncovered (opp. tectus):

naves apertae,

without deck, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 40; Liv. 31, 22 fin.; cf. id. 32, 21, 14: centum tectae naves et quinquaginta leviores apertae, et saep.; v. navis.—Also, without covering or defence, unprotected, exposed:

locus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84.— Poet., of the sky, clear, cloudless:

caelo invectus aperto,

Verg. A. 1, 155:

aether,

id. ib. 1, 587:

aperta serena prospicere,

id. G. 1, 393.—

Unclosed, open, not shut (opp. clausus):

Janua cum per se transpectum praebet apertum,

since this affords an open view through it, Lucr. 4, 272:

oculi,

id. 4, 339:

oculorum lumine aperto,

id. 4, 1139 et saep.:

nihil tam clausum, neque tam reconditum, quod non istius cupiditati apertissimum promptissimumque esset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20:

caelum patens atque apertum,

id. Div. 1, 1 (diff. from 1.); so Ov. M. 6, 693:

vidit caelos apertos,

Vulg. Marc. 1, 10:

apertus et propatulus locus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 49:

iter,

Liv. 31, 2:

apertior aditus ad moenia,

id. 9, 28:

campi,

id. 38, 3:

per apertum limitem (viae),

Tac. H. 3, 21; Ov. M. 1, 285:

fenestrae,

Vulg. Dan. 6, 10:

ostia,

ib. ib. 13, 39:

aequor,

Ov. M. 4, 527; so id. ib. 8, 165; 11, 555 et saep. — Poet., of a battle: nec aperti copia Martis Ulla fuit, an action in the open field, Ov. M. 13, 208.—Very freq. ăpertum, subst., that which is open, free; an open, clear space:

in aperto,

Lucr. 3, 604:

per apertum fugientes,

Hor. C, 3, 12, 10:

impetum ex aperto facerent,

Liv. 35, 5:

castra in aperto posita,

id. 1, 33; so id. 22, 4:

volantem in aperto,

Plin. 10, 8, 9, § 22:

in aperta prodeunt,

id. 8, 32, 50, § 117:

disjecit naves in aperta Oceani,

Tac. A. 2, 23.—

Trop.

a.. Opp. to that which is concealed, covered, dark, open, clear, plain, evident, manifest, unobstructed:

nam nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas ab dubiis,

nothing is, indeed, more difficult than to separate things that are evident from those that are doubtful, Lucr. 4, 467; so id. 4, 596; 1, 915; 5, 1062:

cum illum ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium conjecimus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 1:

simultates partim obscurae, partim apertae,

id. Manil. 24:

quid enim potest esse tam apertum tamque perspicuum?

id. N. D. 2, 2, 4:

quid rem apertam suspectam facimus?

Liv. 41, 24:

non furtim, sed vi aperta,

id. 25, 24:

apertus animi motus,

Quint. 10, 3, 21:

invidia in occulto, adulatio in aperto,

Tac. H. 4, 4 et saep.—So, in rhet., of clear, intelligible discourse:

multo apertius ad intellegendum est, si, etc.... apertam enim narrationem tam esse oportet quam, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 80, 328; cf. id. Inv. 1, 20.—Hence,

Esp. as subst.: in aperto esse,

To be clear, evident, well known, notorious, en tôi phanerôi einai:

ad cognoscendum omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto,

Sall. J. 5, 3.—

To be easily practicable, easy, facile (the figure taken from an open field or space):

agere memoratu digna pronum magisque in aperto erat,

there was a greater inclination and a more open way to, Tac. Agr. 1:

hostes aggredi in aperto foret,

id. H. 3, 56:

vota virtusque in aperto omniaque prona victoribus,

id. Agr. 33.—

Of character, without dissimulation, open, frank, candid:

animus apertus et simplex,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9; id. Off. 3, 13, 57:

pectus,

id. Lael. 26, 97. —Hence, ironically: ut semper fuit apertissimus, as he has always been very open, frank (for impudent, shameless), Cic. Mur. 35.—Hence, ăpertē, adv., openly, clearly, plainly.

In gen.:

tam aperte irridens,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 62:

ab illo aperte tecte quicquid est datum, libenter accepi,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 4; id. Or. 12, 38; id. Am. 18, 67:

cum Fidenae aperte descissent,

Liv. 1, 27:

aperte quod venale habet ostendit,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 83:

aperte revelari,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 2, 27:

non jam secretis colloquiis, sed aperte fremere,

Tac. A. 11, 28:

aperte adulari,

Cic. Am. 26, 99:

aperte mentiri,

id. Ac. 2, 6, 18:

aperte pugnare, id. ap. Aquil. Rom. 10: aperte immundus est,

Vulg. Lev. 13, 26.— Comp.:

cum ipsum dolorem hic tulit paulo apertius,

Cic. Planc. 34; id. Att. 16, 3, 5; Curt. 6, 1, 11:

ab his proconsuli venenum inter epulas datum est apertius quam ut fallerent,

Tac. A. 13, 1.— Sup.:

hinc empta apertissime praetura,

Cic. Verr. 1, 100:

equite Romano per te apertissime interfecto,

id. Har. Resp. 30:

largiri,

id. ib. 56:

praedari,

id. Verr. 1, 130.—

Esp. of what is set forth in words or writing, plainly, clearly, freely, without reserve:

nempe ergo aperte vis quae restant me loqui?

Ter. And. 1, 2, 24; id. Phorm. 4, 3, 49:

aperte indicat (lex) posse rationem habere non praesentis,

Cic. ad Brut. 1, 5, 3:

Non tu istuc mihi dictura aperte es, quicquid est?

Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 3:

narrare,

id. Heaut. 4, 3, 24:

scribere,

Cic. Fam. 5, 7, 3; Quint. 1, 5, 43.— Comp.:

Planius atque apertius dicam,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 14, 43:

distinguere,

Quint. 3, 6, 45.— Sup.:

istius injurias quam apertissime vobis planissimeque explicare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 64, 156:

aliquid apertissime ostendere,

Quint. 5, 12, 11.

ăpĕrĭo, ĕrŭi, ertum, 4, v. a. ( fut. aperibo, Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 50; Pompon. ap. Non. p. 506, 30) [ab-pario, to get from, take away from, i.e. to uncover, like the opp. operio, from obpario, to get for, to put upon, i. e. to cover; this is the old explanation, and is received by Corssen, Ausspr. I. p. 653; II. p. 410, and by Vanicek, p. 503], to uncover, make or lay bare.

Lit.:

patinas,

Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 51: apertae surae, Turp. ap. Non. p. 236, 16:

apertis lateribus,

Sisenn. ib. p. 236, 26:

capite aperto esse,

Varr. ib. p. 236, 25;

p. 236, 28: ut corporis partes quaedam aperiantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 129:

caput aperuit,

id. Phil. 2, 31; Sall. H. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 236, 20:

capita,

Plin. 28, 6, 17, § 60:

aperto pectore,

Ov. M. 2, 339; and poet. transf. to the person:

apertae pectora matres,

id. ib. 13, 688:

ramum,

Verg. A. 6, 406 al. — Trop., to make visible, to show, reveal, Liv. 22, 6:

dispulsā nebulā diem aperuit,

id. 26, 17 (cf. just before:

densa nebula campos circa intexit): dies faciem victoriae,

Tac. Agr. 38:

lux aperuit bellum ducemque belli,

Liv. 3, 15:

novam aciem dies aperuit,

Tac. H. 4, 29:

his unda dehiscens Terram aperit,

opens to view, Verg. A. 1, 107.—From the intermediate idea of making visible,

Metaph.

1.. To unclose, open: aperto ex ostio Alti Acheruntis, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37:

aperite aliquis ostium,

Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 26; so id. Heaut. 2, 3, 35:

forem aperi,

id. Ad. 2, 1, 13:

fores,

id. Eun. 2, 2, 52; Ov. M. 10, 457; Suet. Aug. 82:

januas carceris,

Vulg. Act. 5, 19:

fenestram,

ib. Gen. 8, 6:

liquidas vias,

to open the liquid way, Lucr. 1, 373; so Verg. A. 11, 884:

sucum venis fundere apertis,

to pour out moisture from its open veins, Lucr. 5, 812:

saccum,

Vulg. Gen. 42, 27:

os,

ib. ib. 22, 28:

labia, ib. Job, 11, 5: oculos,

ib. Act. 9, 8:

accepi fasciculum, in quo erat epistula Piliae: abstuli, aperui, legi,

Cic. Att. 5, 11 fin.; so id. ib. 1, 13;

6, 3: aperire librum,

Vulg. Apoc. 5, 5; 20, 12:

testamentum,

Plin. 7, 52, 53, § 177 (cf.:

testamentum resignare,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 9); Suet. Caes. 83; id. Aug. 17:

sigillum aperire,

to break, Vulg. Apoc. 6, 3 al.:

ferro iter aperiundum est,

Sall. C. 58, 7:

locum... asylum,

to make it an asylum, Liv. 1, 8:

subterraneos specus,

Tac. G. 16:

navigantibus maria,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

arbor florem aperit,

id. 12, 11, 23, § 40 et saep.: aperire parietem, to open a wall, in order to put a door or window in it, Dig. 8, 2, 40: alicui oculos aperire, to give sight to (after the Heb.), Vulg. Joan. 9, 10; 9, 14 al.; so,

aures aperire,

to restore hearing to, ib. Marc. 7, 35.—

Trop.:

nec ita claudenda est res familiaris, ut eam benignitas aperire non possit,

Cic. Off. 2, 15, 54: amicitiae fores. id. Fam. 13, 10:

multus apertus cursus ad laudem,

id. Phil. 14, 6 fin.:

tibi virtus tua reditum ad tuos aperuit,

id. Fam. 6, 11:

philosophiae fontes,

id. Tusc. 1, 3, 6; id. Mil. 31, 85 et saep.: alicujus oculos aperire, to open one's eyes, make him discern (after the Heb.), Vulg. Gen. 3, 5; 3, 7; ib. Act. 26, 18; so,

alicujus cor aperire,

ib. ib. 16, 14: ventus [p. 136] incendio viam aperuit, Liv. 6, 2:

occasionem ad invadendum,

id. 4, 53; so id. 9, 27: si hanc fenestram aperueritis (i.e. if you enter upon the way of complaint), nihil aliud agi sinetis, Suet. Tib. 28 (cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:

Quantam fenestram ad nequitiem patefeceris!): quia aperuisset gentibus ostium fidei,

Vulg. Act. 14, 27; ib. Col. 4, 3.— So of the new year, to open it, i.e. begin:

annum,

Verg. G. 1, 217:

contigit ergo privatis aperire annum (since the consul entered upon his office the first of January),

Plin. Pan. 58, 4 Gierig and Schaef.—So also of a school, to establish, set up, begin, or open it:

Dionysius tyrannus Corinthi dicitur ludum aperuisse,

Cic. Fam. 9, 18; so Suet. Gram. 16; id. Rhet. 4.— Poet.:

fuste aperire caput,

i.e. to cleave, split the head, Juv. 9, 98.—

Aperire locum (populum, gentes, etc.), to lay open a place, people, etc., i.e. to open an entrance to, render accessible (cf. patefacio);

most freq. in the histt., esp. in Tacitus: qui aperuerint armis orbem terrarum,

Liv. 42, 52; 42, 4:

Syriam,

Tac. A. 2, 70:

omnes terras fortibus viris natura aperuit,

id. H. 4, 64:

novas gentes,

id. Agr. 22:

gentes ac reges,

id. G. 1:

Britanniam tamdiu clausam aperit,

Mel. 3, 6, 4; Luc. 1, 465 Cort.:

Eoas,

id. 4, 352:

pelagus,

Val. Fl. 1, 169.—

Transf. to mental objects, to disclose something unknown, to unveil, reveal, make known, unfold, to prove, demonstrate; or gen. to explain, recount, etc.:

occulta quaedam et quasi involuta aperiri,

Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:

explicanda est saepe verbis mens nostra de quāque re atque involutae rei notitia definiendo aperienda est,

id. Or. 33, 116:

alicui scripturas aperire,

Vulg. Luc. 24, 32:

tua probra aperibo omnia,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 50: ne exspectetis argumentum fabulae;

hi partem aperient,

Ter. Ad. prol. 23:

non quo aperiret sententiam suam, sed etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 84:

eo praesente conjurationem aperit,

Sall. C. 40, 6:

naturam et mores,

id. ib. 53 fin.; so id. ib. 45, 1; 47, 1; id. J. 33, 4:

lux fugam hostium aperuit,

Liv. 27, 2:

aperiri error poterat,

id. 26, 10:

casus aperire futuros,

to disclose the future, Ov. M. 15, 559:

futura aperit,

Tac. H. 2, 4.—So also, se aperire or aperiri, to reveal one's true disposition, character:

tum coacti necessario se aperiunt,

show themselves in their true light, Ter. And. 4, 1, 8:

studio aperimur in ipso,

Ov. A. A. 3, 371:

exspectandum, dum se ipsa res aperiret,

Nep. Paus. 3, 7; Quint. prooem. § 3.—Sometimes constr. with acc. and inf., a rel.-clause, or de:

cum jam directae in se prorae hostes appropinquare aperuissent,

Liv. 44, 28:

domino navis, quis sit, aperit,

Nep. Them. 8, 6; so id. Eum. 13, 3: de clementiā, Auct. ad Her. 2, 31.—In a gen. sense (freq. in epistt.) in Cic. Att. 5, 1, 2: de Oppio factum est, ut volui, et maxime, quod DCCC. aperuisti, you promised, i.e. that it should be paid to him (= ostendisti te daturum, Manut.); cf.

the more definite expression: de Oppio bene curāsti, quod ei DCCC. exposuisti,

id. ib. 5, 4, 3.—Hence, ăpertus, a, um, P. a.; pr., opened; hence, open, free.

Lit.

Without covering, open, uncovered (opp. tectus):

naves apertae,

without deck, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 40; Liv. 31, 22 fin.; cf. id. 32, 21, 14: centum tectae naves et quinquaginta leviores apertae, et saep.; v. navis.—Also, without covering or defence, unprotected, exposed:

locus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84.— Poet., of the sky, clear, cloudless:

caelo invectus aperto,

Verg. A. 1, 155:

aether,

id. ib. 1, 587:

aperta serena prospicere,

id. G. 1, 393.—

Unclosed, open, not shut (opp. clausus):

Janua cum per se transpectum praebet apertum,

since this affords an open view through it, Lucr. 4, 272:

oculi,

id. 4, 339:

oculorum lumine aperto,

id. 4, 1139 et saep.:

nihil tam clausum, neque tam reconditum, quod non istius cupiditati apertissimum promptissimumque esset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20:

caelum patens atque apertum,

id. Div. 1, 1 (diff. from 1.); so Ov. M. 6, 693:

vidit caelos apertos,

Vulg. Marc. 1, 10:

apertus et propatulus locus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 49:

iter,

Liv. 31, 2:

apertior aditus ad moenia,

id. 9, 28:

campi,

id. 38, 3:

per apertum limitem (viae),

Tac. H. 3, 21; Ov. M. 1, 285:

fenestrae,

Vulg. Dan. 6, 10:

ostia,

ib. ib. 13, 39:

aequor,

Ov. M. 4, 527; so id. ib. 8, 165; 11, 555 et saep. — Poet., of a battle: nec aperti copia Martis Ulla fuit, an action in the open field, Ov. M. 13, 208.—Very freq. ăpertum, subst., that which is open, free; an open, clear space:

in aperto,

Lucr. 3, 604:

per apertum fugientes,

Hor. C, 3, 12, 10:

impetum ex aperto facerent,

Liv. 35, 5:

castra in aperto posita,

id. 1, 33; so id. 22, 4:

volantem in aperto,

Plin. 10, 8, 9, § 22:

in aperta prodeunt,

id. 8, 32, 50, § 117:

disjecit naves in aperta Oceani,

Tac. A. 2, 23.—

Trop.

a.. Opp. to that which is concealed, covered, dark, open, clear, plain, evident, manifest, unobstructed:

nam nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas ab dubiis,

nothing is, indeed, more difficult than to separate things that are evident from those that are doubtful, Lucr. 4, 467; so id. 4, 596; 1, 915; 5, 1062:

cum illum ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium conjecimus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 1:

simultates partim obscurae, partim apertae,

id. Manil. 24:

quid enim potest esse tam apertum tamque perspicuum?

id. N. D. 2, 2, 4:

quid rem apertam suspectam facimus?

Liv. 41, 24:

non furtim, sed vi aperta,

id. 25, 24:

apertus animi motus,

Quint. 10, 3, 21:

invidia in occulto, adulatio in aperto,

Tac. H. 4, 4 et saep.—So, in rhet., of clear, intelligible discourse:

multo apertius ad intellegendum est, si, etc.... apertam enim narrationem tam esse oportet quam, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 80, 328; cf. id. Inv. 1, 20.—Hence,

Esp. as subst.: in aperto esse,

To be clear, evident, well known, notorious, en tôi phanerôi einai:

ad cognoscendum omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto,

Sall. J. 5, 3.—

To be easily practicable, easy, facile (the figure taken from an open field or space):

agere memoratu digna pronum magisque in aperto erat,

there was a greater inclination and a more open way to, Tac. Agr. 1:

hostes aggredi in aperto foret,

id. H. 3, 56:

vota virtusque in aperto omniaque prona victoribus,

id. Agr. 33.—

Of character, without dissimulation, open, frank, candid:

animus apertus et simplex,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9; id. Off. 3, 13, 57:

pectus,

id. Lael. 26, 97. —Hence, ironically: ut semper fuit apertissimus, as he has always been very open, frank (for impudent, shameless), Cic. Mur. 35.—Hence, ăpertē, adv., openly, clearly, plainly.

In gen.:

tam aperte irridens,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 62:

ab illo aperte tecte quicquid est datum, libenter accepi,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 4; id. Or. 12, 38; id. Am. 18, 67:

cum Fidenae aperte descissent,

Liv. 1, 27:

aperte quod venale habet ostendit,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 83:

aperte revelari,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 2, 27:

non jam secretis colloquiis, sed aperte fremere,

Tac. A. 11, 28:

aperte adulari,

Cic. Am. 26, 99:

aperte mentiri,

id. Ac. 2, 6, 18:

aperte pugnare, id. ap. Aquil. Rom. 10: aperte immundus est,

Vulg. Lev. 13, 26.— Comp.:

cum ipsum dolorem hic tulit paulo apertius,

Cic. Planc. 34; id. Att. 16, 3, 5; Curt. 6, 1, 11:

ab his proconsuli venenum inter epulas datum est apertius quam ut fallerent,

Tac. A. 13, 1.— Sup.:

hinc empta apertissime praetura,

Cic. Verr. 1, 100:

equite Romano per te apertissime interfecto,

id. Har. Resp. 30:

largiri,

id. ib. 56:

praedari,

id. Verr. 1, 130.—

Esp. of what is set forth in words or writing, plainly, clearly, freely, without reserve:

nempe ergo aperte vis quae restant me loqui?

Ter. And. 1, 2, 24; id. Phorm. 4, 3, 49:

aperte indicat (lex) posse rationem habere non praesentis,

Cic. ad Brut. 1, 5, 3:

Non tu istuc mihi dictura aperte es, quicquid est?

Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 3:

narrare,

id. Heaut. 4, 3, 24:

scribere,

Cic. Fam. 5, 7, 3; Quint. 1, 5, 43.— Comp.:

Planius atque apertius dicam,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 14, 43:

distinguere,

Quint. 3, 6, 45.— Sup.:

istius injurias quam apertissime vobis planissimeque explicare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 64, 156:

aliquid apertissime ostendere,

Quint. 5, 12, 11.

ex-pōno, pŏsŭi, pŏsĭtum, 3 (ante-class. perf. exposivit, Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 27;

sync. expostus,

Verg. A. 10, 694; Stat. Th. 7, 197), v. a., to put or set out, to set forth, expose (class.; most freq. in the trop. signif.; cf.: expedio, explano, explico).

Lit.

In gen.:

stravit pelliculis haedinis lectulos et exposuit vasa Samia,

set out, Cic. Mur. 36, 75:

vasa,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 16, § 35:

apparatum in porticibus,

Suet. Caes. 10; cf.:

aliquid in publico,

Plin. 35, 7, 33, § 52; cf. id. 15, 5, 6, § 21:

herbam in sole,

Col. 12, 28, 1:

aliquem ictu,

to put out, turn out, Plaut. Truc. 3, 1, 14:

cubito,

id. Cas. 4, 4, 27.—

In partic.

Of children, to expose:

puellam ad necem,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 18; id. Cas. prol. 41; Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 37; Cic. Rep. 2, 2; Liv. 1, 4, 5; cf. id. 1, 6, 3:

ad januam matris,

Suet. Claud. 27 al. —

Naut. t. t.

To set on shore, to land, disembark:

milites ex navibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 37, 1;

for which: socios de puppibus,

Verg. A. 10, 288:

milites in terram,

Caes. B. C. 3, 23, 2:

expositis omnibus copiis,

id. ib. 3, 29, 2; 1, 31 fin.; Liv. 24, 40, 9:

ibi in terram,

id. 34, 8, 7; Front. Strat. 2, 5, 44; cf.:

in litora,

Liv. 37, 28, 8:

aegra mancipia in insulam,

Suet. Claud. 25; but also with abl.:

in Africa,

Liv. 28, 44, 10 Drak. N. cr.:

in terra,

Vell. 2, 79, 4:

in litore,

Suet. Caes. 4; Just. 22, 5; Liv. 2, 22, 3; 26, 17, 2; Sen. Ep. 53, 2:

in portu,

Just. 18, 1, 3:

ibi Themistoclem,

Nep. Them. 8, 7:

ad eum locum milites,

Caes. B. C. 3, 6, 3:

quibus regionibus exercitum exposuisset,

id. ib. 3, 29 fin.:

expositum peregrinis arenis os,

Ov. M. 11, 56:

quartā vix demum exponimur horā,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 23: advexi frumentum;

exposui, vendo meum, etc.,

have unloaded, unpacked, opened, Cic. Off. 3, 12, 51:

merces,

Dig. 14, 2, 10.—

To throw on the ground, throw down:

paene exposivit cubito,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 34.—

To throw overboard:

si propter necessitatem adversae tempestatis expositum onus fuerit,

Dig. 39, 4, 16, § 8.—

Mercant. t. t.: pecuniam, to offer a sum to one, place at one's disposal, to be ready to pay:

de Oppio bene curasti, quod ei DCCC. exposuisti,

Cic. Att. 5, 4, 3 (for which, aperuisti, id. ib. 5, 1, 2).—

Pregn., to leave exposed or unprotected, to expose, lay open (not ante-Aug.):

ad ictus,

Liv. 9, 35, 6; Curt. 8, 14, 31:

ille ad omnes ictus expositus,

id. 9, 5, 9:

ne inermes provinciae barbaris nationibus exponerentur,

Tac. H. 3, 5:

exercitum hosti,

Flor. 3, 11; Plin. 11, 19, 21, § 67:

ceteris animalibus imbecillitatem hominum,

Lact. 3, 23, 10; id. Epit. 9, 1; Val. Max. 7, 1, ext. 2:

piscibus beluisque,

Petr. 115:

exposito solibus loco,

Plin. 15, 5, 6, § 21.— Pass. absol.: (iracundi) simplices videntur, quia expositi sunt, Sen. de Ira, 2, 16, 3.

Trop.

In gen.:

totam causam, judices, explicemus atque ante oculos expositam consideremus,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 12, 34; cf.:

vitam alterius in oculis conspectuque omnium exponere,

id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 27:

disciplina puerilis publice exposita,

id. Rep. 4, 3:

orationem,

to publish, id. de Or. 1, 53, 227; cf.:

capita exposita nec explicata,

id. Brut. 44, 164:

erant huic studio maxima exposita praemia,

id. de Or. 1, 4, 15:

praemium,

to set forth, propose, id. Quint. 23, 74: vitam suam exponere ad imitandum juventuti, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 104, 3:

factum expositum ad imitandum,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 114:

exposita ad exemplum nostra re publica,

id. Rep. 1, 46:

opprobrio ad omnium convicia exposito,

Suet. Caes. 49:

expositum ad invidiam nomen,

Tac. H. 2, 53:

nomen Dei,

to prostitute, dishonor, Lact. 1, 7.—

In partic., of speech, to set forth, exhibit, relate, explain, expound; constr. with acc. and inf., or a rel. clause as object, or with de:

coepit rationem hujus operis scientissime Gallus exponere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14:

talis coetus, qualem exposui,

id. ib. 1, 26:

quae adhuc exposui,

id. ib. 2, 23:

obscura dilucide,

id. Fin. 4, 1, 1:

rem pluribus verbis,

id. ib. 3, 4, 15:

rem breviter,

id. Cat. 3, 1, 3:

mandata in senatu,

id. de Or. 2, 12, 49:

narrationem,

id. Or. 62, 210:

sententias ejus disputationis hoc libro,

id. Lael. 1, 3:

artes rhetoricas,

id. de Or. 3, 20, 75:

disputationem alicui,

id. Rep. 1, 8:

sermonem de amicitia alicui,

id. Lael. 1, 3:

eadem multitudini,

Caes. B. G. 7, 38, 4:

expone igitur primum animos remanere post mortem, tum docebis, etc.,

explain, Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

apud eosdem (censores), qui magistratu abierint, edant et exponant, quid in magistratu gesserint,

id. Leg. 3, 20, 47:

ex memoria alicui quid senatus censuerit,

id. Cat. 3, 6, 13:

ab initio, res quemadmodum gesta sit,

id. Rosc. Am. 5, 14; id. Rep. 1, 26; cf.:

hoc de quo modo exposuit Antonius,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 102; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10:

expone nunc de reprehendendo,

id. Part. Or. 12, 44.—In abl. neutr. absol.:

Caesar contione advocata... exposito, quid iniquitas loci posset, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 52, 2 Oud.; so,

exposito quod nuntiatum erat,

Curt. 4, 13:

quasi gesta bello expositurus,

Tac. A. 15, 72: summum bonum exposuit vacuitatem doloris, i. q. definivit, be defined, Cic. Fin. 5, 5, 14 Madv.; cf. ib. 5, 8, 22; and, expositio, ib. § 21.—Hence, expŏsĭtus, a, um, P. a., qs. publicly set out; hence, open, free, accessible.

Lit.:

limen,

Stat. S. 1, 2, 24:

census,

open to all, id. ib. 2, 2, 152:

numen (with nulli negatum),

Luc. 5, 103; cf.:

(homo) obvius et expositus,

Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 2.—As subst.: ex-pŏsĭta, ōrum, n., the open parts, those exposed to view:

frontem ejus tantum novi et exposita, quae ostendit etiam transeuntibus,

Sen. Ep. 55, 6.—

Trop.

Accessible, affable:

mores,

Stat. S. 5, 3, 246.—

Of authors, intelligible, lucid:

optimos quidem, sed tamen eorum candidissimum quemque et maxime expositum velim,

Quint. 2, 5, 19.—

In a bad sense, common, vulgar:

qui nihil expositum soleat deducere, etc.,

Juv. 7, 54.— Adv.: expŏ-sĭte, plainly, clearly:

non exposite et aperte ostendere, sed reconditā significatione,

Gell. 3, 2, 14.

ex-pōno, pŏsŭi, pŏsĭtum, 3 (ante-class. perf. exposivit, Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 27;

sync. expostus,

Verg. A. 10, 694; Stat. Th. 7, 197), v. a., to put or set out, to set forth, expose (class.; most freq. in the trop. signif.; cf.: expedio, explano, explico).

Lit.

In gen.:

stravit pelliculis haedinis lectulos et exposuit vasa Samia,

set out, Cic. Mur. 36, 75:

vasa,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 16, § 35:

apparatum in porticibus,

Suet. Caes. 10; cf.:

aliquid in publico,

Plin. 35, 7, 33, § 52; cf. id. 15, 5, 6, § 21:

herbam in sole,

Col. 12, 28, 1:

aliquem ictu,

to put out, turn out, Plaut. Truc. 3, 1, 14:

cubito,

id. Cas. 4, 4, 27.—

In partic.

Of children, to expose:

puellam ad necem,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 18; id. Cas. prol. 41; Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 37; Cic. Rep. 2, 2; Liv. 1, 4, 5; cf. id. 1, 6, 3:

ad januam matris,

Suet. Claud. 27 al. —

Naut. t. t.

To set on shore, to land, disembark:

milites ex navibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 37, 1;

for which: socios de puppibus,

Verg. A. 10, 288:

milites in terram,

Caes. B. C. 3, 23, 2:

expositis omnibus copiis,

id. ib. 3, 29, 2; 1, 31 fin.; Liv. 24, 40, 9:

ibi in terram,

id. 34, 8, 7; Front. Strat. 2, 5, 44; cf.:

in litora,

Liv. 37, 28, 8:

aegra mancipia in insulam,

Suet. Claud. 25; but also with abl.:

in Africa,

Liv. 28, 44, 10 Drak. N. cr.:

in terra,

Vell. 2, 79, 4:

in litore,

Suet. Caes. 4; Just. 22, 5; Liv. 2, 22, 3; 26, 17, 2; Sen. Ep. 53, 2:

in portu,

Just. 18, 1, 3:

ibi Themistoclem,

Nep. Them. 8, 7:

ad eum locum milites,

Caes. B. C. 3, 6, 3:

quibus regionibus exercitum exposuisset,

id. ib. 3, 29 fin.:

expositum peregrinis arenis os,

Ov. M. 11, 56:

quartā vix demum exponimur horā,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 23: advexi frumentum;

exposui, vendo meum, etc.,

have unloaded, unpacked, opened, Cic. Off. 3, 12, 51:

merces,

Dig. 14, 2, 10.—

To throw on the ground, throw down:

paene exposivit cubito,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 34.—

To throw overboard:

si propter necessitatem adversae tempestatis expositum onus fuerit,

Dig. 39, 4, 16, § 8.—

Mercant. t. t.: pecuniam, to offer a sum to one, place at one's disposal, to be ready to pay:

de Oppio bene curasti, quod ei DCCC. exposuisti,

Cic. Att. 5, 4, 3 (for which, aperuisti, id. ib. 5, 1, 2).—

Pregn., to leave exposed or unprotected, to expose, lay open (not ante-Aug.):

ad ictus,

Liv. 9, 35, 6; Curt. 8, 14, 31:

ille ad omnes ictus expositus,

id. 9, 5, 9:

ne inermes provinciae barbaris nationibus exponerentur,

Tac. H. 3, 5:

exercitum hosti,

Flor. 3, 11; Plin. 11, 19, 21, § 67:

ceteris animalibus imbecillitatem hominum,

Lact. 3, 23, 10; id. Epit. 9, 1; Val. Max. 7, 1, ext. 2:

piscibus beluisque,

Petr. 115:

exposito solibus loco,

Plin. 15, 5, 6, § 21.— Pass. absol.: (iracundi) simplices videntur, quia expositi sunt, Sen. de Ira, 2, 16, 3.

Trop.

In gen.:

totam causam, judices, explicemus atque ante oculos expositam consideremus,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 12, 34; cf.:

vitam alterius in oculis conspectuque omnium exponere,

id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 27:

disciplina puerilis publice exposita,

id. Rep. 4, 3:

orationem,

to publish, id. de Or. 1, 53, 227; cf.:

capita exposita nec explicata,

id. Brut. 44, 164:

erant huic studio maxima exposita praemia,

id. de Or. 1, 4, 15:

praemium,

to set forth, propose, id. Quint. 23, 74: vitam suam exponere ad imitandum juventuti, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 104, 3:

factum expositum ad imitandum,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 114:

exposita ad exemplum nostra re publica,

id. Rep. 1, 46:

opprobrio ad omnium convicia exposito,

Suet. Caes. 49:

expositum ad invidiam nomen,

Tac. H. 2, 53:

nomen Dei,

to prostitute, dishonor, Lact. 1, 7.—

In partic., of speech, to set forth, exhibit, relate, explain, expound; constr. with acc. and inf., or a rel. clause as object, or with de:

coepit rationem hujus operis scientissime Gallus exponere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14:

talis coetus, qualem exposui,

id. ib. 1, 26:

quae adhuc exposui,

id. ib. 2, 23:

obscura dilucide,

id. Fin. 4, 1, 1:

rem pluribus verbis,

id. ib. 3, 4, 15:

rem breviter,

id. Cat. 3, 1, 3:

mandata in senatu,

id. de Or. 2, 12, 49:

narrationem,

id. Or. 62, 210:

sententias ejus disputationis hoc libro,

id. Lael. 1, 3:

artes rhetoricas,

id. de Or. 3, 20, 75:

disputationem alicui,

id. Rep. 1, 8:

sermonem de amicitia alicui,

id. Lael. 1, 3:

eadem multitudini,

Caes. B. G. 7, 38, 4:

expone igitur primum animos remanere post mortem, tum docebis, etc.,

explain, Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

apud eosdem (censores), qui magistratu abierint, edant et exponant, quid in magistratu gesserint,

id. Leg. 3, 20, 47:

ex memoria alicui quid senatus censuerit,

id. Cat. 3, 6, 13:

ab initio, res quemadmodum gesta sit,

id. Rosc. Am. 5, 14; id. Rep. 1, 26; cf.:

hoc de quo modo exposuit Antonius,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 102; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10:

expone nunc de reprehendendo,

id. Part. Or. 12, 44.—In abl. neutr. absol.:

Caesar contione advocata... exposito, quid iniquitas loci posset, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 52, 2 Oud.; so,

exposito quod nuntiatum erat,

Curt. 4, 13:

quasi gesta bello expositurus,

Tac. A. 15, 72: summum bonum exposuit vacuitatem doloris, i. q. definivit, be defined, Cic. Fin. 5, 5, 14 Madv.; cf. ib. 5, 8, 22; and, expositio, ib. § 21.—Hence, expŏsĭtus, a, um, P. a., qs. publicly set out; hence, open, free, accessible.

Lit.:

limen,

Stat. S. 1, 2, 24:

census,

open to all, id. ib. 2, 2, 152:

numen (with nulli negatum),

Luc. 5, 103; cf.:

(homo) obvius et expositus,

Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 2.—As subst.: ex-pŏsĭta, ōrum, n., the open parts, those exposed to view:

frontem ejus tantum novi et exposita, quae ostendit etiam transeuntibus,

Sen. Ep. 55, 6.—

Trop.

Accessible, affable:

mores,

Stat. S. 5, 3, 246.—

Of authors, intelligible, lucid:

optimos quidem, sed tamen eorum candidissimum quemque et maxime expositum velim,

Quint. 2, 5, 19.—

In a bad sense, common, vulgar:

qui nihil expositum soleat deducere, etc.,

Juv. 7, 54.— Adv.: expŏ-sĭte, plainly, clearly:

non exposite et aperte ostendere, sed reconditā significatione,

Gell. 3, 2, 14.

af-fĕro (better adf-), attŭli (adt-, better att-), allātum (adl-), afferre (adf-), v. a.; constr. aliquid ad aliquem or alicui.

In gen., to bring, take, carry or convey a thing to a place (of portable things, while adducere denotes the leading or conducting of men, animals, etc.), lit. and trop.

Lit.:

lumen,

Enn. Ann. 1, 40:

viginti minas,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 78; 1, 3, 87 al.:

adtuli hunc.—Quid, adtulisti?—Adduxi volui dicere,

id. Ps. 2, 4, 21:

tandem bruma nives adfert,

Lucr. 5, 746: adlatus est acipenser, Cic. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12:

adfer huc scyphos,

Hor. Epod. 9, 33:

nuces,

Juv. 5, 144:

cibum pede ad rostrum veluti manu,

Plin. 10, 46, 63, § 129:

pauxillum aquae,

Vulg. Gen. 18, 4:

caput ejus,

ib. Marc. 6, 28.—With de in part. sense:

adferte nobis de fructibus terrae,

Vulg. Num. 13, 21; ib. Joan. 21, 10 (as lit. rendering of the Greek).—So of letters:

adferre litteras, ad aliquem or alicui,

Cic. Att. 8, 6; id. Imp. Pomp. 2; Liv. 22, 11 al.: adferre se ad aliquem locum, to betake one's self to a place, to go or come to (opp. auferre se ab aliquo, to withdraw from, to leave, only poet.):

huc me adfero,

Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 6; Ter. And. 4, 5, 12 Bentl.:

Fatis huc te poscentibus adfers,

Verg. A. 8, 477:

sese a moenibus,

id. ib. 3, 345.—So pass. adferri:

urbem adferimur,

are driven, come, Verg. A. 7, 217;

and adferre pedem: abite illuc, unde malum pedem adtulistis,

id. Cat. 14, 21.— To bring near, extend, = porrigo (eccl. Lat.):

adfer manum tuam,

reach hither, Vulg. Joan. 20, 27.—

Trop., to bring to, upon, in a good or bad sense.

In bon. part.:

pacem ad vos adfero,

Plaut. Am. prol. 32:

hic Stoicus genus sermonum adfert non liquidum,

i.e. makes use of, Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 159:

nihil ostentationis aut imitationis adferre,

id. ib. 3, 12, 45:

non minus adferret ad dicendum auctoritatis quam facultatis,

id. Mur. 2, 4:

consulatum in familiam,

id. Phil. 9, 2:

animum vacuum ad scribendas res difficiles,

id. Att. 12, 38:

tibi benedictionem,

Vulg. Gen. 33, 11:

Domino gloriam,

ib. 1 Par. 16, 28; ib. Apoc. 21, 26: ignominiam, ib. Osee, 4, 18.—

In mal. part.:

bellum in patriam,

Ov. M. 12, 5:

nisi etiam illuc pervenerint (canes), ut in dominum adferant dentes,

to use their teeth against their master, Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 9:

adferam super eos mala,

Vulg. Jer. 23, 12:

Quam accusationem adfertis adversus hominem hunc?

id. Joan. 18, 29: quod gustatum adfert mortem, ib. Job, 6, 6: vim adferre alicui for inferre, to use force against or offer violence to one, Cic. Phil. 2, 7; id. Verr. 2, 1, 26; Liv. 9, 16; 42, 29 Drak.; Ov. H. 17, 21 Heins.; id. A. A. 1, 679; Suet. Oth. 12 al.: manus adferre alicui, in a bad sense, to lay hands on, attack, assail (opp.:

manus abstinere ab aliquo): pro re quisque manus adfert (sc. ad pugnam),

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26:

domino a familiā suā manus adlatas esse,

id. Quint. 27:

intellegimus eum detrudi, cui manus adferuntur,

id. Caecin. 17:

qui sit improbissimus, manus ei adferantur, effodiantur oculi,

id. Rep. 3, 17 Creuz. al.: sibi manus, to lay hands on one's self, to commit suicide: Qui quidem manus, quas justius in Lepidi perniciem animāsset, sibi adferre conatus est, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23.—Also of things: manus templo, to rob or plunder, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18:

bonis alienis,

id. Off. 2, 15:

manus suis vulneribus,

to tear open, id. Att. 3, 15 (a little before:

ne rescindam ipse dolorem meum): manus beneficio suo,

to nullify, render worthless, Sen. Ben. 2, 5 ext. —

Esp.

To bring, bear, or carry a thing, as news, to report, announce, inform, publish; constr. alicui or ad aliquem aliquid, or acc. with inf. (class.;

in the histt., esp. in Livy, very freq.): ea adferam eaque ut nuntiem, etc.,

Plaut. Am. prol. 9:

istud quod adfers, aures exspectant meae,

id. As. 2, 2, 65; Ter. Phorm. prol. 22:

calamitas tanta fuit, ut eam non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex sermone rumor adferret,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:

si ei subito sit adlatum periculum patriae,

id. Off. 1, 43, 154:

nihil novi ad nos adferebatur,

id. Fam. 2, 14; id. Att. 6, 8: rumores, qui de me adferuntur, Cic. Fil. ap. Cic. Fam. 16, 21:

Caelium ad illam adtulisse, se aurum quaerere,

id. Cael. 24; so id. Fam. 5, 2 al.:

magnum enim, quod adferebant, videbatur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 15 Dint.:

cum crebri adferrent nuntii, male rem gerere Darium,

Nep. 3, 3:

haud vana adtulere,

Liv. 4, 37; 6, 31:

exploratores missi adtulerunt quieta omnia apud Gallos esse,

id. 8, 17 Drak.:

per idem tempus rebellāsse Etruscos adlatum est,

word was brought, id. 10, 45 al.:

idem ex Hispaniā adlatum,

Tac. H. 1, 76:

esse, qui magnum nescio quid adferret,

Suet. Dom. 16; Luc. 1, 475:

scelus adtulit umbris,

Val. Fl. 3, 172 al. —So of instruction: doctrinam, Vulg. prol. Eccli.; ib. 2 Joan. 10.—

To bring a thing on one, i.e. to cause, occasion, effect, give, impart; esp. of states of mind:

aegritudinem alicui,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 2:

alicui molestiam,

id. Hec. 3, 2, 9:

populo Romano pacem, tranquillitatem, otium, concordiam,

Cic. Mur. 1:

alicui multas lacrimas, magnam cladem,

id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:

ipsa detractio molestiae consecutionem adfert voluptatis,

id. Fin. 1, 11, 37; so,

adferre auctoritatem et fidem orationi,

id. Phil. 12, 7:

metum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 25:

dolorem,

id. Sull. 1:

luctum et egestatem,

id. Rosc. Am. 5:

consolationem,

id. Att. 10, 4:

delectationem,

id. Fam. 7, 1 al.:

detrimentum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 82:

taedium,

Plin. 15, 2, 3, § 7:

dolorem capitis,

id. 23, 1, 18:

gaudium,

Plin. Ep. 10, 2, 1 al. —

To bring forwards, allege, assert, adduce, as an excuse, reason, etc.:

quam causam adferam?

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 23:

justas causas adfers,

Cic. Att. 11, 15;

also without causa: rationes quoque, cur hoc ita sit, adferendas puto,

id. Fin. 5, 10, 27; cf. id. Fam. 4, 13:

idque me non ad meam defensionem adtulisse,

id. Caecin. 29, 85:

ad ea, quae dixi, adfer, si quid habes,

id. Att. 7: nihil igitur adferunt, qui in re gerendā versari senectutem negant, they bring forwards nothing to the purpose, who, etc., id. Sen. 6; id. de Or. 2, 53, 215:

quid enim poterit dicere?... an aetatem adferet?

i. e. as an excuse, id. ib. 2, 89, 364.—Also absol.:

Quid sit enim corpus sentire, quis adferet umquam...?

will bring forwards an explanation, Lucr. 3, 354 (cf. reddo absol. in same sense, id. 1, 566):

et, cur credam, adferre possum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70; 3, 23, 55.—

Adferre aliquid = conducere, conferre aliquid, to contribute any thing to a definite object, to be useful in any thing, to help, assist; constr. with ad, with dat., or absol.:

quam ad rem magnum adtulimus adjumentum hominibus nostris,

Cic. Off. 1, 1:

negat Epicurus diuturnitatem temporis ad beate vivendum aliquid adferre,

id. Fin. 2, 27, 87:

quidquid ad rem publicam adtulimus, si modo aliquid adtulimus,

id. Off. 1, 44, 155:

illa praesidia non adferunt oratori aliquid, ne, etc.,

id. Mil. 1: aliquid adtulimus etiam nos, id. Planc. 10, 24:

quid enim oves aliud adferunt, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 63.—

Very rare in class. period, to bring forth as a product, to yield, bear, produce, = fero:

agri fertiles, qui multo plus adferunt, quam acceperunt,

Cic. Off. 1, 15:

herbam adferentem semen,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 29:

arva non adferent cibum,

ib. Hab. 3, 17: lignum adtulit fructum, ib. Joel, 2, 22; ib. Apoc. 22, 2:

ager fructum,

ib. Luc. 12, 16 al.

af-fĕro (better adf-), attŭli (adt-, better att-), allātum (adl-), afferre (adf-), v. a.; constr. aliquid ad aliquem or alicui.

In gen., to bring, take, carry or convey a thing to a place (of portable things, while adducere denotes the leading or conducting of men, animals, etc.), lit. and trop.

Lit.:

lumen,

Enn. Ann. 1, 40:

viginti minas,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 78; 1, 3, 87 al.:

adtuli hunc.—Quid, adtulisti?—Adduxi volui dicere,

id. Ps. 2, 4, 21:

tandem bruma nives adfert,

Lucr. 5, 746: adlatus est acipenser, Cic. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12:

adfer huc scyphos,

Hor. Epod. 9, 33:

nuces,

Juv. 5, 144:

cibum pede ad rostrum veluti manu,

Plin. 10, 46, 63, § 129:

pauxillum aquae,

Vulg. Gen. 18, 4:

caput ejus,

ib. Marc. 6, 28.—With de in part. sense:

adferte nobis de fructibus terrae,

Vulg. Num. 13, 21; ib. Joan. 21, 10 (as lit. rendering of the Greek).—So of letters:

adferre litteras, ad aliquem or alicui,

Cic. Att. 8, 6; id. Imp. Pomp. 2; Liv. 22, 11 al.: adferre se ad aliquem locum, to betake one's self to a place, to go or come to (opp. auferre se ab aliquo, to withdraw from, to leave, only poet.):

huc me adfero,

Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 6; Ter. And. 4, 5, 12 Bentl.:

Fatis huc te poscentibus adfers,

Verg. A. 8, 477:

sese a moenibus,

id. ib. 3, 345.—So pass. adferri:

urbem adferimur,

are driven, come, Verg. A. 7, 217;

and adferre pedem: abite illuc, unde malum pedem adtulistis,

id. Cat. 14, 21.— To bring near, extend, = porrigo (eccl. Lat.):

adfer manum tuam,

reach hither, Vulg. Joan. 20, 27.—

Trop., to bring to, upon, in a good or bad sense.

In bon. part.:

pacem ad vos adfero,

Plaut. Am. prol. 32:

hic Stoicus genus sermonum adfert non liquidum,

i.e. makes use of, Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 159:

nihil ostentationis aut imitationis adferre,

id. ib. 3, 12, 45:

non minus adferret ad dicendum auctoritatis quam facultatis,

id. Mur. 2, 4:

consulatum in familiam,

id. Phil. 9, 2:

animum vacuum ad scribendas res difficiles,

id. Att. 12, 38:

tibi benedictionem,

Vulg. Gen. 33, 11:

Domino gloriam,

ib. 1 Par. 16, 28; ib. Apoc. 21, 26: ignominiam, ib. Osee, 4, 18.—

In mal. part.:

bellum in patriam,

Ov. M. 12, 5:

nisi etiam illuc pervenerint (canes), ut in dominum adferant dentes,

to use their teeth against their master, Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 9:

adferam super eos mala,

Vulg. Jer. 23, 12:

Quam accusationem adfertis adversus hominem hunc?

id. Joan. 18, 29: quod gustatum adfert mortem, ib. Job, 6, 6: vim adferre alicui for inferre, to use force against or offer violence to one, Cic. Phil. 2, 7; id. Verr. 2, 1, 26; Liv. 9, 16; 42, 29 Drak.; Ov. H. 17, 21 Heins.; id. A. A. 1, 679; Suet. Oth. 12 al.: manus adferre alicui, in a bad sense, to lay hands on, attack, assail (opp.:

manus abstinere ab aliquo): pro re quisque manus adfert (sc. ad pugnam),

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26:

domino a familiā suā manus adlatas esse,

id. Quint. 27:

intellegimus eum detrudi, cui manus adferuntur,

id. Caecin. 17:

qui sit improbissimus, manus ei adferantur, effodiantur oculi,

id. Rep. 3, 17 Creuz. al.: sibi manus, to lay hands on one's self, to commit suicide: Qui quidem manus, quas justius in Lepidi perniciem animāsset, sibi adferre conatus est, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23.—Also of things: manus templo, to rob or plunder, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18:

bonis alienis,

id. Off. 2, 15:

manus suis vulneribus,

to tear open, id. Att. 3, 15 (a little before:

ne rescindam ipse dolorem meum): manus beneficio suo,

to nullify, render worthless, Sen. Ben. 2, 5 ext. —

Esp.

To bring, bear, or carry a thing, as news, to report, announce, inform, publish; constr. alicui or ad aliquem aliquid, or acc. with inf. (class.;

in the histt., esp. in Livy, very freq.): ea adferam eaque ut nuntiem, etc.,

Plaut. Am. prol. 9:

istud quod adfers, aures exspectant meae,

id. As. 2, 2, 65; Ter. Phorm. prol. 22:

calamitas tanta fuit, ut eam non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex sermone rumor adferret,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:

si ei subito sit adlatum periculum patriae,

id. Off. 1, 43, 154:

nihil novi ad nos adferebatur,

id. Fam. 2, 14; id. Att. 6, 8: rumores, qui de me adferuntur, Cic. Fil. ap. Cic. Fam. 16, 21:

Caelium ad illam adtulisse, se aurum quaerere,

id. Cael. 24; so id. Fam. 5, 2 al.:

magnum enim, quod adferebant, videbatur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 15 Dint.:

cum crebri adferrent nuntii, male rem gerere Darium,

Nep. 3, 3:

haud vana adtulere,

Liv. 4, 37; 6, 31:

exploratores missi adtulerunt quieta omnia apud Gallos esse,

id. 8, 17 Drak.:

per idem tempus rebellāsse Etruscos adlatum est,

word was brought, id. 10, 45 al.:

idem ex Hispaniā adlatum,

Tac. H. 1, 76:

esse, qui magnum nescio quid adferret,

Suet. Dom. 16; Luc. 1, 475:

scelus adtulit umbris,

Val. Fl. 3, 172 al. —So of instruction: doctrinam, Vulg. prol. Eccli.; ib. 2 Joan. 10.—

To bring a thing on one, i.e. to cause, occasion, effect, give, impart; esp. of states of mind:

aegritudinem alicui,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 2:

alicui molestiam,

id. Hec. 3, 2, 9:

populo Romano pacem, tranquillitatem, otium, concordiam,

Cic. Mur. 1:

alicui multas lacrimas, magnam cladem,

id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:

ipsa detractio molestiae consecutionem adfert voluptatis,

id. Fin. 1, 11, 37; so,

adferre auctoritatem et fidem orationi,

id. Phil. 12, 7:

metum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 25:

dolorem,

id. Sull. 1:

luctum et egestatem,

id. Rosc. Am. 5:

consolationem,

id. Att. 10, 4:

delectationem,

id. Fam. 7, 1 al.:

detrimentum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 82:

taedium,

Plin. 15, 2, 3, § 7:

dolorem capitis,

id. 23, 1, 18:

gaudium,

Plin. Ep. 10, 2, 1 al. —

To bring forwards, allege, assert, adduce, as an excuse, reason, etc.:

quam causam adferam?

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 23:

justas causas adfers,

Cic. Att. 11, 15;

also without causa: rationes quoque, cur hoc ita sit, adferendas puto,

id. Fin. 5, 10, 27; cf. id. Fam. 4, 13:

idque me non ad meam defensionem adtulisse,

id. Caecin. 29, 85:

ad ea, quae dixi, adfer, si quid habes,

id. Att. 7: nihil igitur adferunt, qui in re gerendā versari senectutem negant, they bring forwards nothing to the purpose, who, etc., id. Sen. 6; id. de Or. 2, 53, 215:

quid enim poterit dicere?... an aetatem adferet?

i. e. as an excuse, id. ib. 2, 89, 364.—Also absol.:

Quid sit enim corpus sentire, quis adferet umquam...?

will bring forwards an explanation, Lucr. 3, 354 (cf. reddo absol. in same sense, id. 1, 566):

et, cur credam, adferre possum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70; 3, 23, 55.—

Adferre aliquid = conducere, conferre aliquid, to contribute any thing to a definite object, to be useful in any thing, to help, assist; constr. with ad, with dat., or absol.:

quam ad rem magnum adtulimus adjumentum hominibus nostris,

Cic. Off. 1, 1:

negat Epicurus diuturnitatem temporis ad beate vivendum aliquid adferre,

id. Fin. 2, 27, 87:

quidquid ad rem publicam adtulimus, si modo aliquid adtulimus,

id. Off. 1, 44, 155:

illa praesidia non adferunt oratori aliquid, ne, etc.,

id. Mil. 1: aliquid adtulimus etiam nos, id. Planc. 10, 24:

quid enim oves aliud adferunt, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 63.—

Very rare in class. period, to bring forth as a product, to yield, bear, produce, = fero:

agri fertiles, qui multo plus adferunt, quam acceperunt,

Cic. Off. 1, 15:

herbam adferentem semen,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 29:

arva non adferent cibum,

ib. Hab. 3, 17: lignum adtulit fructum, ib. Joel, 2, 22; ib. Apoc. 22, 2:

ager fructum,

ib. Luc. 12, 16 al.

* * *

dī-rĭgo or dērĭgo (the latter form preferred by Roby, L. G. 2, p. 387; cf. Rib. Proleg. ad Verg. p. 401 sq.; so Liv. 21, 19, 1; 21, 47, 8; 22, 28 Weissenb.; id. 22, 47, 2 Drak.; Lach. ad Lucr. 4, 609; Tac. A. 6, 40 Ritter; acc. to Brambach, s. v., the two forms are different words, de-rigo meaning to give a particular direction to; di-rigo, to arrange in distinct lines, set or move different ways; cf. describo and discribo. But the distinction is not observed in the MSS. and edd. generally), rexi, rectum, 3 ( perf. sync. direxti, Verg. A. 6, 57), v. a. [dis-rego], to lay straight, set in a straight line, to arrange, draw up (class.; cf.: guberno, collineo, teneo).

Lit.

In gen.:

coronam si diviseris, arcus erit: si direxeris, virga,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 10:

haec directa materia injecta consternebantur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 8:

crates,

id. B. C. 3, 46, 5:

naves ante portum,

Liv. 37, 31; cf.:

naves in pugnam,

id. 22, 19:

vicos,

i. e. to build regularly, id. 5, 55; cf.

castella,

Flor. 4, 12, 26:

molem recta fronte,

Curt. 4, 3 et saep.:

regiones lituo,

i. e. to lay out, bound, Cic. Div. 1, 17; cf.:

finem alicui veterem viam regiam,

Liv. 39, 27.—Esp. freq.:

aciem,

to draw up the troops in battle array, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 5; Liv. 21, 47 fin.; 34, 28; Front. Strat. 1, 12, 3; 2, 1, 4 et saep.; cf.

frontem,

Quint. 2, 13, 3; 5, 13, 11:

membrana plumbo derecta,

ruled with a lead-pencil, Cat. 22, 7.—

Perh. i. q., to split, cleave in twain:

elephantum machaeră dirigit,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 54 (dub.); cf.: dirigere apud Plautum invenitur pro discidere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 69, 15 Müll.—

In partic., with respect to the terminus, to send in a straight line, to direct to a place (so most freq.):

ex vestigio vela ad castra Corneliana,

Caes. B. C. 2, 25, 6:

aciem ad te,

Cat. 63, 56:

cursum ad litora,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25, 4: iter ad Mutinam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 112 et saep.—Afterwards more freq. with in:

equum in consulem,

Liv. 2, 6:

currum in hostem,

Ov. M. 12, 78:

tela manusque in corpus Aeacidae,

Verg. A. 6, 57; Front. Strat. 3, 3, 4:

hastam in te,

Ov. M. 8, 66; cf.:

dentes in inguina,

id. ib. 8, 400:

cursum in Africam,

Vell. 2, 19 fin.:

cursum per auras in lucos,

Verg. A. 6, 195 et saep.:

navem eo,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 2:

gressum huc,

Verg. A. 5, 162; 11, 855 et saep.; and poet. with the dat.:

Ilo hastam,

Verg. A. 10, 401 et saep.—Without designating the limit:

ab iisdem (Etesiis) maritimi cursus (i. e. navium) celeres et certi diriguntur,

to be directed, steered, Cic. N. D. 2, 53:

iter navis,

Ov. F. 1, 4:

cursum,

Front. Strat. 3, 13, 6; esp. freq. of weapons, to aim, direct:

spicula,

Verg. A. 7, 497; Ov. M. 12, 606:

hastile,

Verg. A. 12, 490:

tela,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 18:

sagittas,

Suet. Dom. 19 et saep.— Poet.:

vulnera,

Verg. A. 10, 140; Sil. 2, 92 Drak.; Tac. H. 2, 35; cf.:

vulnera alicui,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 160.

Trop.

In gen., to set in order, arrange (very rare):

materias divisione dirigere,

Quint. 2, 6, 1.—Far more freq. (esp. in Cic. and Quint.),

In partic.: aliquid ad or in aliquid; also: aliqua re, to direct, guide, arrange a thing either to something (as its aim, scope) or according to something (as its rule or pattern).

With ad: meas cogitationes sic dirigo, non ad illam parvulam Cynosuram sed, etc., Ac. 2, 20, 66; cf.:

orationem ad exempla,

id. Rep. 2, 31 fin.; Quint. 10, 2, 1:

judicium ad ea,

id. 6, 5, 2:

se ad id quod, etc.,

id. 12, 3, 8; cf.:

se ad ea effingenda,

id. 10, 1, 127:

praecipua rerum ad famam,

Tac. A. 4, 40 et saep.—In a different sense (viz., with ad equiv. to secundum, v. ad):

in verbis et eligendis et collocandis nihil non ad rationem,

Cic. Brut. 37, 140:

vitam ad certam rationis normam,

to conform, id. Mur. 2:

leges hominum ad naturam,

id. Leg. 2, 5 fin.; id. Or. 2 fin. et saep.—

With in (not so in Cic.):

tota mente (intentionem) in opus ipsum,

Quint. 10, 3, 28:

communes locos in vitia,

id. 2, 1, 11; Front. Strat. 3, 2, 2 et saep.—

With abl. (only in Cic.):

quos (fines) utilitate aut voluptate dirigunt,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20 fin.:

omnia voluptate,

id. ib. 2, 22, 71:

utilitatem honestate,

id. Off. 3, 21, 83:

haec normā,

id. de Or. 3, 49, 190.—

Without an object:

(divinatio) ad veritatem saepissime dirigit,

Cic. Div. 1, 14 fin. —

With acc. only: epistolam (sc. ad aliquem), to write, Capit. Clod. Alb. 2.—

With adversus, Quint. 5, 7, 6.—Hence, dīrectus ( dērectus), a, um, P. a., made straight, straight, direct, whether horizontally or perpendicularly; straight, level; upright, steep.

Lit.:

auditus flexuosum iter habet, ne quid intrare possit, si simplex et directum pateret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 144; cf.

aes (tubae), opp. flexum,

Ov. M. 1, 98:

iter,

Caes. B. C. 3, 79, 2: latera, id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; cf.

trabes,

id. ib. 7, 23, 1:

ordo (olearum),

Cic. Caecin. 8, 22:

arcus (opp. obliquus),

Ov. M. 2, 129:

paries,

i. e. that cuts another at right angles, Cic. Top. 4: ut directiores ictus flant, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 2:

praeruptus locus utraque ex parte directus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45, 4; cf. id. ib. 2, 24, 3:

(Henna) ab omni aditu circumcisa atque directa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48 Zumpt N. cr.:

cornu,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26.— Subst.: dī-rectum, i, n., a straight line:

in directo pedum VIII. esse, in anfracto XVI.,

in a straight line, Varr. L. L. 7, § 15 Müll.; so,

altitudo (montis) per directum IV. M. pass.,

Plin. 5, 22, 18, § 80; cf. id. 3, 5, 9, § 66 al.:

cadere in directum moderate (with exire per devexum),

Sen. Q. N. 6, 20; Vulg. Ezech. 47, 20 al.—

Trop., straightforward, unceremonious, open, simple, direct:

o praeclaram beate vivendi et apertam et simplicem et directam viam,

Cic. Fin. 1, 18; cf.:

iter ad laudem,

id. Cael. 17, 41:

vera illa et directa ratio,

id. ib. 18:

tristis ac directus senex,

id. ib. 16, 38; cf.:

quid est in judicio? Directum, asperum, simplex, SI PARET HS ICCC DARI,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

percunctatio et denuntiatio belli,

Liv. 21, 19; cf.

contiones,

Just. 38, 3 fin. (v. obliquus):

verba,

Cod. Just. 6, 23, 15:

actio,

Dig. 3, 5, 46; 9, 4, 26 et saep.; cf.

institutio (opp. precaria),

id. 29, 1, 19:

libertates (opp. fideicommissariae),

id. 29, 4, 12.— Adv.

dīrectē, directly, straight (very rare):

dicere,

Cic. Part. Or. 7, 24:

ire,

Vulg. Sap. 5, 22.—Far more freq.,

dīrectō, directly, straight:

deorsum ferri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 25:

transversas trabes,

Caes. B. C. 2, 9, 2:

ad fidem spectare,

Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46; so id. Div. 2, 61 fin. (opp. anfractus and circuitio); Liv. 1, 11 fin.; Sen. Ep. 66; Dig. 9, 4, 26 al. —

dīrectā:

quo magis ursimus alte directā,

press deep down perpendicularly, Lucr. 2, 198.—

dīrectim, straightway, directly (post-class.), App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 34; Macr. S. 7, 12 fin.—Comp.:

directius gubernare,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 66.— Sup. seems not to occur either in the adj. or in the adv.

dī-rĭgo or dērĭgo (the latter form preferred by Roby, L. G. 2, p. 387; cf. Rib. Proleg. ad Verg. p. 401 sq.; so Liv. 21, 19, 1; 21, 47, 8; 22, 28 Weissenb.; id. 22, 47, 2 Drak.; Lach. ad Lucr. 4, 609; Tac. A. 6, 40 Ritter; acc. to Brambach, s. v., the two forms are different words, de-rigo meaning to give a particular direction to; di-rigo, to arrange in distinct lines, set or move different ways; cf. describo and discribo. But the distinction is not observed in the MSS. and edd. generally), rexi, rectum, 3 ( perf. sync. direxti, Verg. A. 6, 57), v. a. [dis-rego], to lay straight, set in a straight line, to arrange, draw up (class.; cf.: guberno, collineo, teneo).

Lit.

In gen.:

coronam si diviseris, arcus erit: si direxeris, virga,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 10:

haec directa materia injecta consternebantur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 8:

crates,

id. B. C. 3, 46, 5:

naves ante portum,

Liv. 37, 31; cf.:

naves in pugnam,

id. 22, 19:

vicos,

i. e. to build regularly, id. 5, 55; cf.

castella,

Flor. 4, 12, 26:

molem recta fronte,

Curt. 4, 3 et saep.:

regiones lituo,

i. e. to lay out, bound, Cic. Div. 1, 17; cf.:

finem alicui veterem viam regiam,

Liv. 39, 27.—Esp. freq.:

aciem,

to draw up the troops in battle array, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 5; Liv. 21, 47 fin.; 34, 28; Front. Strat. 1, 12, 3; 2, 1, 4 et saep.; cf.

frontem,

Quint. 2, 13, 3; 5, 13, 11:

membrana plumbo derecta,

ruled with a lead-pencil, Cat. 22, 7.—

Perh. i. q., to split, cleave in twain:

elephantum machaeră dirigit,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 54 (dub.); cf.: dirigere apud Plautum invenitur pro discidere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 69, 15 Müll.—

In partic., with respect to the terminus, to send in a straight line, to direct to a place (so most freq.):

ex vestigio vela ad castra Corneliana,

Caes. B. C. 2, 25, 6:

aciem ad te,

Cat. 63, 56:

cursum ad litora,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25, 4: iter ad Mutinam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 112 et saep.—Afterwards more freq. with in:

equum in consulem,

Liv. 2, 6:

currum in hostem,

Ov. M. 12, 78:

tela manusque in corpus Aeacidae,

Verg. A. 6, 57; Front. Strat. 3, 3, 4:

hastam in te,

Ov. M. 8, 66; cf.:

dentes in inguina,

id. ib. 8, 400:

cursum in Africam,

Vell. 2, 19 fin.:

cursum per auras in lucos,

Verg. A. 6, 195 et saep.:

navem eo,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 2:

gressum huc,

Verg. A. 5, 162; 11, 855 et saep.; and poet. with the dat.:

Ilo hastam,

Verg. A. 10, 401 et saep.—Without designating the limit:

ab iisdem (Etesiis) maritimi cursus (i. e. navium) celeres et certi diriguntur,

to be directed, steered, Cic. N. D. 2, 53:

iter navis,

Ov. F. 1, 4:

cursum,

Front. Strat. 3, 13, 6; esp. freq. of weapons, to aim, direct:

spicula,

Verg. A. 7, 497; Ov. M. 12, 606:

hastile,

Verg. A. 12, 490:

tela,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 18:

sagittas,

Suet. Dom. 19 et saep.— Poet.:

vulnera,

Verg. A. 10, 140; Sil. 2, 92 Drak.; Tac. H. 2, 35; cf.:

vulnera alicui,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 160.

Trop.

In gen., to set in order, arrange (very rare):

materias divisione dirigere,

Quint. 2, 6, 1.—Far more freq. (esp. in Cic. and Quint.),

In partic.: aliquid ad or in aliquid; also: aliqua re, to direct, guide, arrange a thing either to something (as its aim, scope) or according to something (as its rule or pattern).

With ad: meas cogitationes sic dirigo, non ad illam parvulam Cynosuram sed, etc., Ac. 2, 20, 66; cf.:

orationem ad exempla,

id. Rep. 2, 31 fin.; Quint. 10, 2, 1:

judicium ad ea,

id. 6, 5, 2:

se ad id quod, etc.,

id. 12, 3, 8; cf.:

se ad ea effingenda,

id. 10, 1, 127:

praecipua rerum ad famam,

Tac. A. 4, 40 et saep.—In a different sense (viz., with ad equiv. to secundum, v. ad):

in verbis et eligendis et collocandis nihil non ad rationem,

Cic. Brut. 37, 140:

vitam ad certam rationis normam,

to conform, id. Mur. 2:

leges hominum ad naturam,

id. Leg. 2, 5 fin.; id. Or. 2 fin. et saep.—

With in (not so in Cic.):

tota mente (intentionem) in opus ipsum,

Quint. 10, 3, 28:

communes locos in vitia,

id. 2, 1, 11; Front. Strat. 3, 2, 2 et saep.—

With abl. (only in Cic.):

quos (fines) utilitate aut voluptate dirigunt,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20 fin.:

omnia voluptate,

id. ib. 2, 22, 71:

utilitatem honestate,

id. Off. 3, 21, 83:

haec normā,

id. de Or. 3, 49, 190.—

Without an object:

(divinatio) ad veritatem saepissime dirigit,

Cic. Div. 1, 14 fin. —

With acc. only: epistolam (sc. ad aliquem), to write, Capit. Clod. Alb. 2.—

With adversus, Quint. 5, 7, 6.—Hence, dīrectus ( dērectus), a, um, P. a., made straight, straight, direct, whether horizontally or perpendicularly; straight, level; upright, steep.

Lit.:

auditus flexuosum iter habet, ne quid intrare possit, si simplex et directum pateret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 144; cf.

aes (tubae), opp. flexum,

Ov. M. 1, 98:

iter,

Caes. B. C. 3, 79, 2: latera, id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; cf.

trabes,

id. ib. 7, 23, 1:

ordo (olearum),

Cic. Caecin. 8, 22:

arcus (opp. obliquus),

Ov. M. 2, 129:

paries,

i. e. that cuts another at right angles, Cic. Top. 4: ut directiores ictus flant, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 2:

praeruptus locus utraque ex parte directus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45, 4; cf. id. ib. 2, 24, 3:

(Henna) ab omni aditu circumcisa atque directa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48 Zumpt N. cr.:

cornu,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26.— Subst.: dī-rectum, i, n., a straight line:

in directo pedum VIII. esse, in anfracto XVI.,

in a straight line, Varr. L. L. 7, § 15 Müll.; so,

altitudo (montis) per directum IV. M. pass.,

Plin. 5, 22, 18, § 80; cf. id. 3, 5, 9, § 66 al.:

cadere in directum moderate (with exire per devexum),

Sen. Q. N. 6, 20; Vulg. Ezech. 47, 20 al.—

Trop., straightforward, unceremonious, open, simple, direct:

o praeclaram beate vivendi et apertam et simplicem et directam viam,

Cic. Fin. 1, 18; cf.:

iter ad laudem,

id. Cael. 17, 41:

vera illa et directa ratio,

id. ib. 18:

tristis ac directus senex,

id. ib. 16, 38; cf.:

quid est in judicio? Directum, asperum, simplex, SI PARET HS ICCC DARI,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

percunctatio et denuntiatio belli,

Liv. 21, 19; cf.

contiones,

Just. 38, 3 fin. (v. obliquus):

verba,

Cod. Just. 6, 23, 15:

actio,

Dig. 3, 5, 46; 9, 4, 26 et saep.; cf.

institutio (opp. precaria),

id. 29, 1, 19:

libertates (opp. fideicommissariae),

id. 29, 4, 12.— Adv.

dīrectē, directly, straight (very rare):

dicere,

Cic. Part. Or. 7, 24:

ire,

Vulg. Sap. 5, 22.—Far more freq.,

dīrectō, directly, straight:

deorsum ferri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 25:

transversas trabes,

Caes. B. C. 2, 9, 2:

ad fidem spectare,

Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46; so id. Div. 2, 61 fin. (opp. anfractus and circuitio); Liv. 1, 11 fin.; Sen. Ep. 66; Dig. 9, 4, 26 al. —

dīrectā:

quo magis ursimus alte directā,

press deep down perpendicularly, Lucr. 2, 198.—

dīrectim, straightway, directly (post-class.), App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 34; Macr. S. 7, 12 fin.—Comp.:

directius gubernare,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 66.— Sup. seems not to occur either in the adj. or in the adv.

dī-rĭgo or dērĭgo (the latter form preferred by Roby, L. G. 2, p. 387; cf. Rib. Proleg. ad Verg. p. 401 sq.; so Liv. 21, 19, 1; 21, 47, 8; 22, 28 Weissenb.; id. 22, 47, 2 Drak.; Lach. ad Lucr. 4, 609; Tac. A. 6, 40 Ritter; acc. to Brambach, s. v., the two forms are different words, de-rigo meaning to give a particular direction to; di-rigo, to arrange in distinct lines, set or move different ways; cf. describo and discribo. But the distinction is not observed in the MSS. and edd. generally), rexi, rectum, 3 ( perf. sync. direxti, Verg. A. 6, 57), v. a. [dis-rego], to lay straight, set in a straight line, to arrange, draw up (class.; cf.: guberno, collineo, teneo).

Lit.

In gen.:

coronam si diviseris, arcus erit: si direxeris, virga,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 10:

haec directa materia injecta consternebantur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 8:

crates,

id. B. C. 3, 46, 5:

naves ante portum,

Liv. 37, 31; cf.:

naves in pugnam,

id. 22, 19:

vicos,

i. e. to build regularly, id. 5, 55; cf.

castella,

Flor. 4, 12, 26:

molem recta fronte,

Curt. 4, 3 et saep.:

regiones lituo,

i. e. to lay out, bound, Cic. Div. 1, 17; cf.:

finem alicui veterem viam regiam,

Liv. 39, 27.—Esp. freq.:

aciem,

to draw up the troops in battle array, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 5; Liv. 21, 47 fin.; 34, 28; Front. Strat. 1, 12, 3; 2, 1, 4 et saep.; cf.

frontem,

Quint. 2, 13, 3; 5, 13, 11:

membrana plumbo derecta,

ruled with a lead-pencil, Cat. 22, 7.—

Perh. i. q., to split, cleave in twain:

elephantum machaeră dirigit,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 54 (dub.); cf.: dirigere apud Plautum invenitur pro discidere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 69, 15 Müll.—

In partic., with respect to the terminus, to send in a straight line, to direct to a place (so most freq.):

ex vestigio vela ad castra Corneliana,

Caes. B. C. 2, 25, 6:

aciem ad te,

Cat. 63, 56:

cursum ad litora,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25, 4: iter ad Mutinam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 112 et saep.—Afterwards more freq. with in:

equum in consulem,

Liv. 2, 6:

currum in hostem,

Ov. M. 12, 78:

tela manusque in corpus Aeacidae,

Verg. A. 6, 57; Front. Strat. 3, 3, 4:

hastam in te,

Ov. M. 8, 66; cf.:

dentes in inguina,

id. ib. 8, 400:

cursum in Africam,

Vell. 2, 19 fin.:

cursum per auras in lucos,

Verg. A. 6, 195 et saep.:

navem eo,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 2:

gressum huc,

Verg. A. 5, 162; 11, 855 et saep.; and poet. with the dat.:

Ilo hastam,

Verg. A. 10, 401 et saep.—Without designating the limit:

ab iisdem (Etesiis) maritimi cursus (i. e. navium) celeres et certi diriguntur,

to be directed, steered, Cic. N. D. 2, 53:

iter navis,

Ov. F. 1, 4:

cursum,

Front. Strat. 3, 13, 6; esp. freq. of weapons, to aim, direct:

spicula,

Verg. A. 7, 497; Ov. M. 12, 606:

hastile,

Verg. A. 12, 490:

tela,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 18:

sagittas,

Suet. Dom. 19 et saep.— Poet.:

vulnera,

Verg. A. 10, 140; Sil. 2, 92 Drak.; Tac. H. 2, 35; cf.:

vulnera alicui,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 160.

Trop.

In gen., to set in order, arrange (very rare):

materias divisione dirigere,

Quint. 2, 6, 1.—Far more freq. (esp. in Cic. and Quint.),

In partic.: aliquid ad or in aliquid; also: aliqua re, to direct, guide, arrange a thing either to something (as its aim, scope) or according to something (as its rule or pattern).

With ad: meas cogitationes sic dirigo, non ad illam parvulam Cynosuram sed, etc., Ac. 2, 20, 66; cf.:

orationem ad exempla,

id. Rep. 2, 31 fin.; Quint. 10, 2, 1:

judicium ad ea,

id. 6, 5, 2:

se ad id quod, etc.,

id. 12, 3, 8; cf.:

se ad ea effingenda,

id. 10, 1, 127:

praecipua rerum ad famam,

Tac. A. 4, 40 et saep.—In a different sense (viz., with ad equiv. to secundum, v. ad):

in verbis et eligendis et collocandis nihil non ad rationem,

Cic. Brut. 37, 140:

vitam ad certam rationis normam,

to conform, id. Mur. 2:

leges hominum ad naturam,

id. Leg. 2, 5 fin.; id. Or. 2 fin. et saep.—

With in (not so in Cic.):

tota mente (intentionem) in opus ipsum,

Quint. 10, 3, 28:

communes locos in vitia,

id. 2, 1, 11; Front. Strat. 3, 2, 2 et saep.—

With abl. (only in Cic.):

quos (fines) utilitate aut voluptate dirigunt,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20 fin.:

omnia voluptate,

id. ib. 2, 22, 71:

utilitatem honestate,

id. Off. 3, 21, 83:

haec normā,

id. de Or. 3, 49, 190.—

Without an object:

(divinatio) ad veritatem saepissime dirigit,

Cic. Div. 1, 14 fin. —

With acc. only: epistolam (sc. ad aliquem), to write, Capit. Clod. Alb. 2.—

With adversus, Quint. 5, 7, 6.—Hence, dīrectus ( dērectus), a, um, P. a., made straight, straight, direct, whether horizontally or perpendicularly; straight, level; upright, steep.

Lit.:

auditus flexuosum iter habet, ne quid intrare possit, si simplex et directum pateret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 144; cf.

aes (tubae), opp. flexum,

Ov. M. 1, 98:

iter,

Caes. B. C. 3, 79, 2: latera, id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; cf.

trabes,

id. ib. 7, 23, 1:

ordo (olearum),

Cic. Caecin. 8, 22:

arcus (opp. obliquus),

Ov. M. 2, 129:

paries,

i. e. that cuts another at right angles, Cic. Top. 4: ut directiores ictus flant, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 2:

praeruptus locus utraque ex parte directus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45, 4; cf. id. ib. 2, 24, 3:

(Henna) ab omni aditu circumcisa atque directa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48 Zumpt N. cr.:

cornu,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26.— Subst.: dī-rectum, i, n., a straight line:

in directo pedum VIII. esse, in anfracto XVI.,

in a straight line, Varr. L. L. 7, § 15 Müll.; so,

altitudo (montis) per directum IV. M. pass.,

Plin. 5, 22, 18, § 80; cf. id. 3, 5, 9, § 66 al.:

cadere in directum moderate (with exire per devexum),

Sen. Q. N. 6, 20; Vulg. Ezech. 47, 20 al.—

Trop., straightforward, unceremonious, open, simple, direct:

o praeclaram beate vivendi et apertam et simplicem et directam viam,

Cic. Fin. 1, 18; cf.:

iter ad laudem,

id. Cael. 17, 41:

vera illa et directa ratio,

id. ib. 18:

tristis ac directus senex,

id. ib. 16, 38; cf.:

quid est in judicio? Directum, asperum, simplex, SI PARET HS ICCC DARI,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

percunctatio et denuntiatio belli,

Liv. 21, 19; cf.

contiones,

Just. 38, 3 fin. (v. obliquus):

verba,

Cod. Just. 6, 23, 15:

actio,

Dig. 3, 5, 46; 9, 4, 26 et saep.; cf.

institutio (opp. precaria),

id. 29, 1, 19:

libertates (opp. fideicommissariae),

id. 29, 4, 12.— Adv.

dīrectē, directly, straight (very rare):

dicere,

Cic. Part. Or. 7, 24:

ire,

Vulg. Sap. 5, 22.—Far more freq.,

dīrectō, directly, straight:

deorsum ferri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 25:

transversas trabes,

Caes. B. C. 2, 9, 2:

ad fidem spectare,

Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46; so id. Div. 2, 61 fin. (opp. anfractus and circuitio); Liv. 1, 11 fin.; Sen. Ep. 66; Dig. 9, 4, 26 al. —

dīrectā:

quo magis ursimus alte directā,

press deep down perpendicularly, Lucr. 2, 198.—

dīrectim, straightway, directly (post-class.), App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 34; Macr. S. 7, 12 fin.—Comp.:

directius gubernare,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 66.— Sup. seems not to occur either in the adj. or in the adv.

oppōno ( obp-), pŏsŭi (in Plaut pŏsīvi), sĭtum, 3 ( sync.:

oppostus for oppositus,

Lucr. 4, 150), v. a. [ob-pono], to set or place against, to set or station before or opposite, to oppose (class., cf.: obicio, offero, adversor).

Lit.

In gen.:

se venientibus in itinere,

Caes. B. C 3, 30:

huic equites,

id. ib. 3, 75:

turrim ad introitum portūs,

id. ib. 3, 39: armatos homines ad omnes introitus. Cic. Caecin. 8, 27:

Eumenem adversariis,

Nep. Eum. 3, 2: (Hannibali) opposuit natura Alpemque nivemque, Juv 10, 152.— To place or put before, to hold before:

ante oculos opposuit manum, Ov F. 4, 178: oculis manūs,

id. ib. 3, 46:

manum fronti,

id. M. 2, 276:

gallinae se opponant (pullis),

Cic. N. D. 2, 52, 130:

foramini oculos,

to keep before the opening, Petr. 96:

eos opponi omnibus contionibus auctores ad perniciem meam,

represented, held up as, Cic. Sest. 19, 42:

licet antestari? ego vero Oppono auriculam,

offer, present, Hor. S. 1, 9, 76:

oppositas habere fores,

i. e. closed, Ov. H. 17, 8. — To apply, as a remedy:

brassicam,

Cato, R. R. 157.—

In partic., to set against as a pledge, to pledge, wager, mortgage:

pono pallium: ille suum anulum opposivit,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 77: potes mutuam drachumam me dare? Ps. Vix hercle opino, etsi me opponam pignori, id. Ps. 1, 1, 84: ager oppositus est, pignori ob decem minas, Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56; Vulg. 2 Esdr. 5, 3.—So, with a play upon both meanings:

villula nostra non ad Austri flatus opposita est, verum ad milia quindecim,

mortgaged, Cat. 26, 1 sq. —

To expose, lay bare or open, abandon:

opponere se periculis pro re publicā,

Cic. Balb. 10, 26:

Saguntinis pro nudatā moenibus patriā corpora opponentibus,

Liv. 21, 8:

nudatas radices hiberno frigori,

Plin. 17, 28, 47, § 262.—

Trop.

In gen., to set before, bring forward, set before the eyes or mind, to oppose, adduce, allege:

pericula intendantur, formidines opponantur,

Cic. Quint. 14, 47:

ut ante occupet (orator), quod videat opponi,

id. Or. 40, 138; id. Top. 24, 92; 25, 96:

auctoritatem suam,

id. Ac. 2, 20, 64:

his quattuor causis totidem medicinae opponuntur,

id. de Or. 2, 83, 339:

opposuisti semel Ciceronis nostri valetudinem: conticui,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 8 (10), 1:

muri causam,

id. Off. 3, 10, 41.—

In partic.

To speak against, oppose, object, reply, adduce in contradiction:

quid opponas, si negem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 8:

non minorem auctoritatem,

id. Ac. 2, 20, 6:

iis opposuit sese Socrates,

id. Brut. 8, 31:

quid habes quod mihi opponas?

id. Phil. 2, 4, 8 sq.:

ut opponeret Stoicis, summum bonum esse frui iis rebus,

id. Ac. 2, 42, 131.—

To set against, oppose, by way of comparison:

multis secundis proeliis unum adversum, et id mediocre, opponerent,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73; Phaedr. Epil. 2:

rationibus labores,

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4:

quotiens quis dixerit, occidit Alexander Persarum multa milia, opponetur et Callisthenem,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 23, 2; id. Ep. 117, 5; 118, 8 sq.; cf.:

felicia tempora, quae te Moribus opponunt!

Juv. 2, 39.—

Jusjurandum alicui, to impose an oath on one, Dig. 37, 14, 6.—Hence. oppŏsĭtus, a, um, P a., placed or standing against or opposite, lying over against, opposed to, opposite (class.):

moles oppositae fluctibus,

Cic. Off. 2, 4, 14:

luna opposita soli,

id. Div. 2, 6, 17:

oppositam petens contra Zancleia saxa Rhegion,

Ov. M. 14, 47.— Trop.:

Narbo propugnaculum istis ipsis nationibus oppositum,

Cic. Font. 1, 3.—

Subst.: oppŏsĭta, ōrum, n. plur., opposite, i. e. contradictory propositions, opposites (postclass.): opposita (antikeimena Graeci dicunt), Geil. 16, 8, 13.

oppōno ( obp-), pŏsŭi (in Plaut pŏsīvi), sĭtum, 3 ( sync.:

oppostus for oppositus,

Lucr. 4, 150), v. a. [ob-pono], to set or place against, to set or station before or opposite, to oppose (class., cf.: obicio, offero, adversor).

Lit.

In gen.:

se venientibus in itinere,

Caes. B. C 3, 30:

huic equites,

id. ib. 3, 75:

turrim ad introitum portūs,

id. ib. 3, 39: armatos homines ad omnes introitus. Cic. Caecin. 8, 27:

Eumenem adversariis,

Nep. Eum. 3, 2: (Hannibali) opposuit natura Alpemque nivemque, Juv 10, 152.— To place or put before, to hold before:

ante oculos opposuit manum, Ov F. 4, 178: oculis manūs,

id. ib. 3, 46:

manum fronti,

id. M. 2, 276:

gallinae se opponant (pullis),

Cic. N. D. 2, 52, 130:

foramini oculos,

to keep before the opening, Petr. 96:

eos opponi omnibus contionibus auctores ad perniciem meam,

represented, held up as, Cic. Sest. 19, 42:

licet antestari? ego vero Oppono auriculam,

offer, present, Hor. S. 1, 9, 76:

oppositas habere fores,

i. e. closed, Ov. H. 17, 8. — To apply, as a remedy:

brassicam,

Cato, R. R. 157.—

In partic., to set against as a pledge, to pledge, wager, mortgage:

pono pallium: ille suum anulum opposivit,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 77: potes mutuam drachumam me dare? Ps. Vix hercle opino, etsi me opponam pignori, id. Ps. 1, 1, 84: ager oppositus est, pignori ob decem minas, Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56; Vulg. 2 Esdr. 5, 3.—So, with a play upon both meanings:

villula nostra non ad Austri flatus opposita est, verum ad milia quindecim,

mortgaged, Cat. 26, 1 sq. —

To expose, lay bare or open, abandon:

opponere se periculis pro re publicā,

Cic. Balb. 10, 26:

Saguntinis pro nudatā moenibus patriā corpora opponentibus,

Liv. 21, 8:

nudatas radices hiberno frigori,

Plin. 17, 28, 47, § 262.—

Trop.

In gen., to set before, bring forward, set before the eyes or mind, to oppose, adduce, allege:

pericula intendantur, formidines opponantur,

Cic. Quint. 14, 47:

ut ante occupet (orator), quod videat opponi,

id. Or. 40, 138; id. Top. 24, 92; 25, 96:

auctoritatem suam,

id. Ac. 2, 20, 64:

his quattuor causis totidem medicinae opponuntur,

id. de Or. 2, 83, 339:

opposuisti semel Ciceronis nostri valetudinem: conticui,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 8 (10), 1:

muri causam,

id. Off. 3, 10, 41.—

In partic.

To speak against, oppose, object, reply, adduce in contradiction:

quid opponas, si negem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 8:

non minorem auctoritatem,

id. Ac. 2, 20, 6:

iis opposuit sese Socrates,

id. Brut. 8, 31:

quid habes quod mihi opponas?

id. Phil. 2, 4, 8 sq.:

ut opponeret Stoicis, summum bonum esse frui iis rebus,

id. Ac. 2, 42, 131.—

To set against, oppose, by way of comparison:

multis secundis proeliis unum adversum, et id mediocre, opponerent,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73; Phaedr. Epil. 2:

rationibus labores,

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4:

quotiens quis dixerit, occidit Alexander Persarum multa milia, opponetur et Callisthenem,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 23, 2; id. Ep. 117, 5; 118, 8 sq.; cf.:

felicia tempora, quae te Moribus opponunt!

Juv. 2, 39.—

Jusjurandum alicui, to impose an oath on one, Dig. 37, 14, 6.—Hence. oppŏsĭtus, a, um, P a., placed or standing against or opposite, lying over against, opposed to, opposite (class.):

moles oppositae fluctibus,

Cic. Off. 2, 4, 14:

luna opposita soli,

id. Div. 2, 6, 17:

oppositam petens contra Zancleia saxa Rhegion,

Ov. M. 14, 47.— Trop.:

Narbo propugnaculum istis ipsis nationibus oppositum,

Cic. Font. 1, 3.—

Subst.: oppŏsĭta, ōrum, n. plur., opposite, i. e. contradictory propositions, opposites (postclass.): opposita (antikeimena Graeci dicunt), Geil. 16, 8, 13.

oppōno ( obp-), pŏsŭi (in Plaut pŏsīvi), sĭtum, 3 ( sync.:

oppostus for oppositus,

Lucr. 4, 150), v. a. [ob-pono], to set or place against, to set or station before or opposite, to oppose (class., cf.: obicio, offero, adversor).

Lit.

In gen.:

se venientibus in itinere,

Caes. B. C 3, 30:

huic equites,

id. ib. 3, 75:

turrim ad introitum portūs,

id. ib. 3, 39: armatos homines ad omnes introitus. Cic. Caecin. 8, 27:

Eumenem adversariis,

Nep. Eum. 3, 2: (Hannibali) opposuit natura Alpemque nivemque, Juv 10, 152.— To place or put before, to hold before:

ante oculos opposuit manum, Ov F. 4, 178: oculis manūs,

id. ib. 3, 46:

manum fronti,

id. M. 2, 276:

gallinae se opponant (pullis),

Cic. N. D. 2, 52, 130:

foramini oculos,

to keep before the opening, Petr. 96:

eos opponi omnibus contionibus auctores ad perniciem meam,

represented, held up as, Cic. Sest. 19, 42:

licet antestari? ego vero Oppono auriculam,

offer, present, Hor. S. 1, 9, 76:

oppositas habere fores,

i. e. closed, Ov. H. 17, 8. — To apply, as a remedy:

brassicam,

Cato, R. R. 157.—

In partic., to set against as a pledge, to pledge, wager, mortgage:

pono pallium: ille suum anulum opposivit,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 77: potes mutuam drachumam me dare? Ps. Vix hercle opino, etsi me opponam pignori, id. Ps. 1, 1, 84: ager oppositus est, pignori ob decem minas, Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56; Vulg. 2 Esdr. 5, 3.—So, with a play upon both meanings:

villula nostra non ad Austri flatus opposita est, verum ad milia quindecim,

mortgaged, Cat. 26, 1 sq. —

To expose, lay bare or open, abandon:

opponere se periculis pro re publicā,

Cic. Balb. 10, 26:

Saguntinis pro nudatā moenibus patriā corpora opponentibus,

Liv. 21, 8:

nudatas radices hiberno frigori,

Plin. 17, 28, 47, § 262.—

Trop.

In gen., to set before, bring forward, set before the eyes or mind, to oppose, adduce, allege:

pericula intendantur, formidines opponantur,

Cic. Quint. 14, 47:

ut ante occupet (orator), quod videat opponi,

id. Or. 40, 138; id. Top. 24, 92; 25, 96:

auctoritatem suam,

id. Ac. 2, 20, 64:

his quattuor causis totidem medicinae opponuntur,

id. de Or. 2, 83, 339:

opposuisti semel Ciceronis nostri valetudinem: conticui,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 8 (10), 1:

muri causam,

id. Off. 3, 10, 41.—

In partic.

To speak against, oppose, object, reply, adduce in contradiction:

quid opponas, si negem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 8:

non minorem auctoritatem,

id. Ac. 2, 20, 6:

iis opposuit sese Socrates,

id. Brut. 8, 31:

quid habes quod mihi opponas?

id. Phil. 2, 4, 8 sq.:

ut opponeret Stoicis, summum bonum esse frui iis rebus,

id. Ac. 2, 42, 131.—

To set against, oppose, by way of comparison:

multis secundis proeliis unum adversum, et id mediocre, opponerent,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73; Phaedr. Epil. 2:

rationibus labores,

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4:

quotiens quis dixerit, occidit Alexander Persarum multa milia, opponetur et Callisthenem,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 23, 2; id. Ep. 117, 5; 118, 8 sq.; cf.:

felicia tempora, quae te Moribus opponunt!

Juv. 2, 39.—

Jusjurandum alicui, to impose an oath on one, Dig. 37, 14, 6.—Hence. oppŏsĭtus, a, um, P a., placed or standing against or opposite, lying over against, opposed to, opposite (class.):

moles oppositae fluctibus,

Cic. Off. 2, 4, 14:

luna opposita soli,

id. Div. 2, 6, 17:

oppositam petens contra Zancleia saxa Rhegion,

Ov. M. 14, 47.— Trop.:

Narbo propugnaculum istis ipsis nationibus oppositum,

Cic. Font. 1, 3.—

Subst.: oppŏsĭta, ōrum, n. plur., opposite, i. e. contradictory propositions, opposites (postclass.): opposita (antikeimena Graeci dicunt), Geil. 16, 8, 13.

āra, ae, f. (Osc. form aasa; Umbr. asa: PELLEX. ASAM. IVNONIS. NE. TAGITO., Lex Numae ap. Gell. 4, 3, 3; cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 219; Macr. S. 3, 2) [perh. Sanscr. ās, Gr. hêmai, Dor. hêsmai = to sit, as the seat or resting-place of the victim or offering; v. Curt. p. 381 sq.], an altar.

Lit.: Jovis aram sanguine turpari, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85 (Trag. v. 125 Vahl.):

Inde ignem in aram, ut Ephesiae Dianae laeta laudes,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 1:

omnīs accedere ad aras... aras sanguine multo Spargere,

Lucr. 5, 1199 sq.; so id. 1, 84:

turicremas aras,

id. 2, 353 (adopted by Verg. A. 4, 453);

2, 417: multo sanguine maesti Conspergunt aras adolentque altaria donis,

id. 4, 1237 al.:

ara Aio Loquenti consecrata,

Cic. Div. 1, 45, 101:

ara condita atque dicata,

Liv. 1, 7; cf. Suet. Claud. 2:

ara sacrata,

Liv. 40, 22; cf. Suet. Tib. 14:

exstruere,

id. Aug. 15; so Vulg. 4 Reg. 21, 4:

construere,

ib. 2 Par. 33, 3:

facere,

ib. ib. 33, 15:

erigere,

ib. Num. 23, 4:

aedificare,

ib. 3 Reg. 14, 23:

ponere,

ib. ib. 16, 32:

destruere,

ib. Exod. 34, 13, and ib. Jud. 6, 25:

subvertere,

ib. Deut. 7, 5:

dissipare,

ib. ib. 12, 3:

suffodere,

ib. Jud. 31, 32:

demolire,

ib. Ezech. 6, 4:

depopulari, ib. Osee, 10, 2: interibunt arae vestrae,

ib. Ezech. 6, 6 et saep.—Altars were erected not only in the temples, but also in the streets and highways, in the open air, Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 20.—Esp. were altars erected in the courts of houses (impluvia), for the family gods (Penates), while the household gods (Lares) received offerings upon a small hearth (focus) in the family hall (atrium); hence, arae et foci, meton. for home, or hearth and home, and pro aris et focis pugnare, to fight for altars and fires, for one's dearest possessions:

urbem, agrum, aras, focos seque dedere,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 71:

te amicum Deiotari regis arae focique viderunt,

Cic. Deiot. 3:

de vestris conjugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, decernite,

id. Cat. 4, 11, 24; id. Sest. 42:

nos domicilia, sedesque populi Romani, Penates, aras, focos, sepulcra majorum defendimus,

id. Phil. 8, 3:

patriae, parentibus, aris atque focis bellum parare,

Sall. C. 52, 3:

pro patriā, pro liberis, pro aris atque focis suis cernere,

id. ib. 59, 5:

sibi pro aris focisque et deūm templis ac solo, in quo nati essent, dimicandum fore,

Liv. 5, 30 et saep.—Criminals fled to the altars for protection, Don. ad Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 22:

interim hanc aram occupabo,

Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 45:

Priamum cum in aram confugisset, hostilis manus interemit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85:

eo ille confugit in arāque consedit,

Nep. Paus. 4, 4:

Veneris sanctae considam vinctus ad aras: haec supplicibus favet,

Tib. 4, 13, 23.—Hence, trop., protection, refuge, shelter:

tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum,

Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 25:

ad aram legum confugere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3:

hic portus, haec ara sociorum,

id. ib. 2, 5, 48; Ov. Tr. 4, 5, 2; 5, 6, 14; id. H. 1, 110; id. P. 2, 8, 68.—One who took an oath was accustomed to lay hold of the altar, in confirmation of it, Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 46:

qui si aram tenens juraret, crederet nemo,

Cic. Fl. 36, 90; Nep. Hann. 2, 4 (cf. Liv. 21, 1):

tango aras, medios ignes et numina testor,

Verg. A. 12, 201; 4, 219: ara sepulcri, a funeral pile, regarded as an altar, Verg. A. 6, 177; Sil. 15, 388.—

Meton.

The Altar, a constellation in the southern sky, Gr. Thutêrion (Arat. 403 al.): Aram, quam flatu permulcet spiritus austri, poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 2, 44, 114; so Cic. Arat. 202; 213 Orell.; Hyg. Astr. 2, 39, and id. ib. 3, 38:

pressa,

i. e. low in the south, Ov. M. 2, 139. —

Arae, The Altars.

Rocky cliffs in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily Sardinia and Africa, so called from their shape, Varr. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 108;

Quadrig. Ann. ib.: saxa vocant Itali, mediis quae in fluctibus, Aras,

Verg. A. 1, 109.—

Arae Philaenorum, v. Philaeni.—

Transf., in gen., a monument of stone:

ara virtutis,

Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

Lunensis ara,

of Lunensian marble, Suet. Ner. 50 fin. —Also [p. 150] a tombstone:

ARAM D. S. P. R. (de suā pecuniā restituit),

Inscr. Orell. 4521; so ib. 4522; 4826.